Table 5.

Hemolytic flares in patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) during COVID-19 infection.

Study type	Population	N°	Time to AIHA	Clinical presentation	Covid treatment	Covid outcome	Hemolytic treatment	hemolytic outcome	Ref
Case series	5 patients with COVID-19-associated atypical HUS	5	Concomitant to 30 days	mild respiratory symptoms renal ysfunction, severe thrombocytopenia, neurological symptoms (confusion, central facial palsy), intestinal involvement (pain, diarrhoea), intestinal capillary thrombi.	Oxygen in 1/5 patients	Resolved	Two patients underwent plasma exchanges with fresh frozen plasma, while three were treated with eculizumab. Patient 4 received two infusions of rituximab for anti-FH antibodies.	All resolved	El Sissy et al., Blood 2021 (56)
Case series	Adult (22y,F) atypical HUS	2	Concomitant	Diarrhea, vomiting, loss of taste, fatigue, severe hemolytic anemia	–	–	Hemodialysis, Transfusions, plasma exchange, eculizumab	Both cases Resolved	Kaufeld et al., Kidney Int Rep 2021 (57)
	Adult (52y,F) atypical HUS		2 days	flu-like symptoms, loss of taset, fatigue, abdominal cramps, severe hemolysis			Ttransfusions, hemodialysis, eculizumab
Case report	Adult (28y,F) atypical HUS	1	Concomitant	Fever, dysphagia, headache, hemolytic anemia, mild thrombocytopenia, acute kidney injury	–	–	Eculizumab, penicillin prophylaxis, anticoagulation	Resolved	Ville et al., Kidney Int 2021 (58)
Case report	Adult (24y,F) typical HUS	1	Concomitant	bloody diarrhea, acute kidney injury, and focal seizures	–	–	Eculizumab, lorazepam, levetiracetam, valproic acid	Resolved	Simpson et al., Epilepsy Behav Rep 2021 (59)