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. 2021 Nov 25;3:740323. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.740323

Table 2.

Characteristics of Medicare beneficiaries with untreated functional hearing trouble by service utilization, 2017.

Any medical provider or prescriptive drug use Medical provider visit Prescriptive drugs
None Either MP or PD Use No Yes No Yes
Unweighted sample 873 4,266 2,423 2,680 1,636 3,467
Weighted population 4,214,409 16,587,213 10,432,013 10,369,609 7,480,263 13,321,359
Population distribution (%) 20% 80% 50% 50% 36% 64%
Age
    <65 12% 15%*** 15.38% 13%*** 11% 16%***
    65-74 58% 45% 49% 48% 55% 44%
    75-84 22% 27% 26% 27% 24% 28%
    85+ 8% 12% 10% 13% 10% 12%
Women 40% 54%*** 49% 53%*** 42% 56%***
Race/ethnicity
    White 88% 83%* 84% 85% 89% 82%***
    Black 7% 9% 8% 8% 6% 10%
    Other 5% 8% 8% 7% 5% 9%
Education
    Less than high school 12% 17%*** 17% 15% 10% 19%***
    High school graduate 53% 52% 53% 52% 52% 53%
    Completed college 35% 31% 31% 33% 38% 28%
Income relative to FPL
    <100% 9% 15%*** 14% 13% 7% 18%***
    100-149% 11% 15% 15% 14% 10% 17%
    150-199% 10% 12% 11% 11% 10% 12%
    200-399% 28% 28% 27% 29% 29% 28%
    400%+ 43% 30% 33% 32% 45% 25%
Living arrangement
    Alone 23% 28%*** 26% 28%*** 24% 28%***
    Spouse 57% 49% 50% 51% 58% 46%
    Children/family 11% 15% 14% 14% 10% 17%
    Other 9% 8% 10% 7% 8% 9%
Rural 25% 23% 23% 23% 24% 23%
Cognitive impairment 6% 11%*** 8% 12%*** 8% 10%***
Supplemental insurance coverage
    Medicare only 31% 11%*** 18% 13%*** 28% 8%***
    Medicaid 5% 21% 18% 17% 4% 25%
    Employer 36% 17% 21% 20% 37% 12%
    MA 14% 28% 23% 28% 15% 31%
    Medigap 14% 23% 19% 22% 16% 24%
Has trouble hearing
    A little trouble 91% 88%* 89% 88% 91% 88%***
    A lot of trouble 9% 12% 11% 12% 9% 12%
Has trouble with vision 37% 47%*** 44% 47%* 40% 48%***
Number of chronic conditions
    0 13% 5% 9% 5%*** 11% 5%***
    1-2 44% 34% 40% 31% 40% 33%
    3-5 35% 47% 40% 49% 40% 47%
    6+ 8% 14% 11% 15% 9% 15%
Number of ADLs
    0 ADLs 71% 64%*** 64% 67%* 71% 62%***
    1 ADL 14% 15% 15% 14% 15% 15%
    2+ ADLs 15% 21% 21% 19% 14% 23%
Has a helper 28% 34%*** 34% 32%* 27% 36%***
Has a personal computer at home 76% 67%*** 67% 70%* 78% 64%***
Ever use the Internet to get info 70% 61%*** 62% 63% 70% 58%***

ADLs, activities of daily living; FPL, federal poverty level; HS, high school; MP, medical provider; PD, prescription drugs. Source: Authors' analysis of the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey 2017. P-value < 0.001*** < 0.01** < 0.05*.