Table 2.
Logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with definite DED.
| Crude | Adjusted* | Adjusted** | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | |
| Age (years) | 1.04 | 1.02–1.05 | <0.01 | 1.04 | 1.03–1.05 | <0.01 | 1.03 | 1.02–1.04 | <0.01 |
| Gender (female) | 1.29 | 1.02–1.62 | 0.03 | 1.29 | 1.02–1.64 | 0.03 | 1.32 | 1.04–1.68 | 0.02 |
| Ethnic (Mongolian) | 0.94 | 0.75–1.18 | 0.57 | 1.03 | 0.82–1.30 | 0.79 | 1.06 | 0.83–1.34 | 0.66 |
| Residence (rural) | 1.31 | 0.74–1.19 | 0.20 | 0.99 | 0.78–1.26 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.69–1.21 | 0.53 |
| Occupation | |||||||||
| Worker | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Farmer | 1.45 | 0.61–3.42 | 0.40 | 1.31 | 0.55–3.11 | 0.55 | 1.12 | 0.46–2.71 | 0.80 |
| Staff | 1.37 | 0.51–3.66 | 0.53 | 1.32 | 0.49–3.57 | 0.58 | 1.18 | 0.44–3.22 | 0.74 |
| Other | 1.41 | 0.60–3.31 | 0.43 | 1.33 | 0.56–3.15 | 0.52 | 1.11 | 0.46–2.66 | 0.82 |
| Smoke | |||||||||
| Current | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Never | 0.90 | 0.66–1.22 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.50–0.98 | 0.04 | 0.70 | 0.50–0.98 | 0.04 |
| Former | 1.57 | 0.72–3.41 | 0.26 | 1.33 | 0.60–2.95 | 0.48 | 1.36 | 0.61–3.00 | 0.45 |
| Drink | |||||||||
| Current | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Never | 1.23 | 0.84–1.81 | 0.29 | 0.92 | 0.60–1.40 | 0.68 | 0.92 | 0.60–1.41 | 0.70 |
| Former | 1.31 | 0.61–2.83 | 0.49 | 1.28 | 0.58–2.82 | 0.55 | 1.25 | 0.56–2.77 | 0.58 |
| Screen exposure per day (h) | 0.97 | 0.92–1.03 | 0.39 | 1.04 | 0.98–1.12 | 0.20 | 1.04 | 0.97–1.11 | 0.27 |
| Anti-fatigue eye-drop use (no) | 0.58 | 0.42–0.80 | <0.01 | 1.04 | 1.03–1.05 | <0.01 | 0.56 | 0.41–0.77 | <0.01 |
| Milk products intake (regular) | 0.69 | 0.53–0.91 | 0.01 | 0.64 | 0.48–0.85 | <0.01 | 0.55 | 0.39–0.77 | <0.01 |
| Level of education | |||||||||
| Primary school | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Junior high school | 0.76 | 0.59–1.00 | 0.05 | 0.87 | 0.66–1.14 | 0.31 | 0.91 | 0.68–1.20 | 0.49 |
| Senior high school | 0.75 | 0.53–1.07 | 0.11 | 0.92 | 0.65–1.32 | 0.66 | 0.93 | 0.64–1.33 | 0.68 |
| College | 0.67 | 0.41–0.98 | 0.04 | 0.90 | 0.60–1.36 | 0.63 | 0.91 | 0.61–1.38 | 0.66 |
| Unclear | 0.74 | 0.05–11.81 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.05–13.27 | 0.88 | 0.69 | 0.04–11.28 | 0.80 |
| Number of household members (n) | 0.76 | 0.69–0.83 | <0.01 | 0.80 | 0.72–0.88 | <0.01 | 0.80 | 0.72–0.88 | <0.01 |
| Annual household incomes (per ten thousand yuan) | 0.97 | 0.95–1.00 | 0.02 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.02 | 0.51 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.99 |
| Diabetes | |||||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| No | 1.06 | 0.74–1.51 | 0.76 | 1.14 | 0.79–1.64 | 0.48 | 1.15 | 0.80–1.67 | 0.46 |
| Unclear | 1.31 | 0.69–2.49 | 0.40 | 1.42 | 0.74–2.74 | 0.29 | 1.36 | 0.70–2.64 | 0.36 |
| Hypertension | |||||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| No | 0.77 | 0.61–0.97 | 0.03 | 0.90 | 0.71–1.14 | 0.38 | 0.93 | 0.73–1.18 | 0.54 |
| Unclear | 0.83 | 0.44–1.54 | 0.55 | 0.86 | 0.46–1.63 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.45–1.63 | 0.63 |
| Height (cm) | 0.97 | 0.96–0.99 | <0.01 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.13 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.19 |
| Weight (kg) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.26 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.98 |
| BMI | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.21 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.50 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.43 |
| Height (cm) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.31 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.35 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.37 |
| Waist (cm) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.44 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.66 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.49 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.57 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.61 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.40 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.41 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.38 |
| Hart rate (per minute) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.76 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.43 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.38 |
| Schirmer's I test (mm) | 0.90 | 0.88–0.92 | <0.01 | 0.90 | 0.88–0.92 | <0.01 | 0.90 | 0.88–0.92 | <0.01 |
| TBUT (s) | 0.70 | 0.67–0.72 | <0.01 | 0.70 | 0.67–0.73 | <0.01 | 0.69 | 0.67–0.72 | <0.01 |
| OSDI score | 1.10 | 1.09–1.12 | <0.01 | 1.10 | 1.08–1.11 | <0.01 | 1.10 | 1.08–1.11 | <0.01 |
DED, dry eye disease; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TBUT, Tear film break up time; OSDI, ocular surface disease index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*
Adjusted with age, gender, and ethnicity.
**
Adjusted with age, gender, ethnicity, and number of household members.
Bold values mean statistically significant.