Table 2.

Protective effects of herbal medicine extracts on vascular endothelial cells.

Extracts	Animal/cells	Dose/Concentration	Effects	Related molecular targets		Refs.
				Up-regulation	Down-regulation
GTE	PM2.5 (500, 1000 μg/mL) Induced HUVECs	100 μg/ml	Decreasing oxidative stress; Reducing DNA damage; Reducing cell death and apoptosis; Improving vascular permeability	GSH, GR, SOD-1, HO-1, CAT	ROS, MDA, Caspase-3, Caspase-7, VEGFA	73
KRG	H2O2 (100 μM) induced HUVECs	0.5,2 mg/mL	Decreasing oxidative stress; Reducing cell death	HO-1, Nrf2	ROS	74
APV	HG (25 mM) induced - HUVECs	10,30,50 µg/ml	Inhibiting the adhesion of monocytes; Decreasing vascular inflammation	eNOS, HO-1, Nrf2, p-Akt	ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, ROS, NF-κB-p65, p-IκBα, Keap 1, MMP-2, MMP-9	75
TSAR	ox-LDL (100 μg/mL) induced HUVECs	10,40,160 µg/mL	Increasing survival of HUVECs	NO	ET, LDH	76
EXS	TNFα (10 ng/mL) induced HUVECs	1,10,50 μg/mL	Decreasing oxidative stress; Inhibiting the adhesion of monocytes; Decreasing vascular inflammation	SOD, HO-1, Nrf2	ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, NF-κB-p65, p-IκBα	77
RBPC	H2O2 (200 μM) induced HUVECs	25,50,100, 200 µg/mL	Decreasing oxidative stress; Decreasing vascular inflammation	Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, eNOS	NOX4, ICAM1, CD39, CD73	78
NAF	HG (25 mM) induced HUVECs	50,10,150,200 µg/mL	Decreasing oxidative stress; Decreasing vascular inflammation	HO-1, Nrf2	ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, NF-κB-p65, p-IκBα, ROS	79

APV, Prunella vulgaris; EXS, Xanthoceras sorbifolia; GDE, Ganoderma tsugae; GR, Glutathione Reductase; NAF, Nepeta angustifolia; RBPC, Rice Bran Phenolic Compounds; SMT, Samul-Tang; TSAR, Total saponins of Anemone raddeana Regel.