Table 3.
Linear regression analyses of log-transformed urinary cadmium and log-transformed liver function parameters
| Variables1 | Model 1 | p-value | Model 2 | p-value | Model 3 | p-value | Model 4 | p-value | Model 5 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALT (n = 11 818) | 0.005±0.007 | 0.435 | |||||||||
| Volume-based model | - | 0.049±0.008 | <0.001 | 0.042±0.008 | <0.001 | 0.035±0.008 | <0.001 | 0.059±0.010 | <0.001 | ||
| Creatinine-adjusted model | - | 0.066±0.008 | <0.001 | 0.056±0.008 | <0.001 | 0.051±0.008 | <0.001 | 0.074±0.010 | <0.001 | ||
| AST (n = 11 818) | 0.020±0.005 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Volume-based model | - | 0.030±0.006 | <0.001 | 0.024±0.006 | <0.001 | 0.017±0.006 | 0.009 | 0.033±0.008 | <0.001 | ||
| Creatinine-adjusted model | - | 0.045±0.007 | <0.001 | 0.037±0.007 | <0.001 | 0.029±0.007 | <0.001 | 0.044±0.008 | <0.001 | ||
| GGT (n = 11 838) | 0.096±0.008 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Volume-based model | - | 0.093±0.011 | <0.001 | 0.084±0.011 | <0.001 | 0.070±0.011 | <0.001 | 0.071±0.013 | <0.001 | ||
| Creatinine-adjusted model | - | 0.113±0.012 | <0.001 | 0.101±0.012 | <0.001 | 0.086±0.012 | <0.001 | 0.083±0.014 | <0.001 | ||
| TB (n = 10 556) | 0.007±0.008 | 0.367 | |||||||||
| Volume-based model | - | 0.034±0.009 | <0.001 | 0.034±0.009 | <0.001 | 0.041±0.010 | <0.001 | 0.080±0.013 | <0.001 | ||
| Creatinine-adjusted model | - | 0.040±0.009 | <0.001 | 0.040±0.009 | <0.001 | 0.047±0.010 | <0.001 | 0.085±0.013 | <0.001 | ||
| ALP (n = 10 564) | 0.045±0.004 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Volume-based model | - | 0.040±0.005 | <0.001 | 0.039±0.005 | <0.001 | 0.037±0.006 | <0.001 | 0.026±0.009 | 0.004 | ||
| Creatinine-adjusted model | - | 0.049±0.006 | <0.001 | 0.048±0.006 | <0.001 | 0.047±0.007 | <0.001 | 0.030±0.009 | <0.001 | ||
Values are presented as beta±standard error.
Model 1: Not adjusted for any covariates; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, annual family income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, and BMI; Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, annual family income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, BMI, HBV infection, HCV infection, and heavy drinking; Model 4: Excluded HBV-infected participants, HCV-infected participants, and heavy drinkers from the original study population and adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, annual family income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, and BMI; Model 5: Excluded smokers and former smokers from the original study population and adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, annual family income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, and BMI.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; TB, total bilirubin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BMI, body mass index; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus.
The sizes of subsamples used in models 1, 2, and 3 were indicated. The number of participants used in model 4 and 5 was different as follows: for model 4, the numbers of participants used to analyze the effect of cadmium on ALT, AST, GGT, TB, and ALP were 9928, 9928, 9944, 8843, and 8847, respectively; for model 5, the numbers of participants used to analyze the effect of cadmium on ALT, AST, GGT, TB, and ALP were 6174, 6174, 6184, 5545, and 5547, respectively.