Table 4.
Odds ratios (95% CIs) of higher liver function parameters per 1-unit increase in the log-transformed urinary cadmium level
| Variables1 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALT (n = 11 818) | 1.138 (1.054, 1.230) | |||||
| Volume-based model | 1.360 (1.210, 1.528) | 1.310 (1.163, 1.477) | 1.242 (1.090, 1.415) | 1.401 (1.181, 1.662) | ||
| Creatinine-adjusted model | 1.430 (1.268, 1.614) | 1.361 (1.204, 1.539) | 1.311 (1.148, 1.496) | 1.417 (1.194, 1.681) | ||
| AST (n = 11 818) | 1.179 (1.083, 1.283) | |||||
| Volume-based model | 1.307 (1.149, 1.486) | 1.254 (1.096, 1.435) | 1.211 (1.042, 1.408) | 1.299 (1.095, 1.540) | ||
| Creatinine-adjusted model | 1.396 (1.218, 1.601) | 1.322 (1.148, 1.522) | 1.271 (1.088, 1.485) | 1.367 (1.162, 1.609) | ||
| GGT (n = 11 838) | 1.479 (1.369, 1.598) | |||||
| Volume-based model | 1.520 (1.357, 1.704) | 1.475 (1.312, 1.657) | 1.390 (1.209, 1.598) | 1.447 (1.224, 1.711) | ||
| Creatinine-adjusted model | 1.611 (1.416, 1.833) | 1.544 (1.356, 1.759) | 1.443 (1.237, 1.684) | 1.530 (1.292, 1.811) | ||
| TB (n = 10 556) | 1.044 (0.921, 1.183) | |||||
| Volume-based model | 1.201 (1.003, 1.438) | 1.173 (0.974, 1.413) | 1.256 (1.021, 1.545) | 1.399 (1.096, 1.785) | ||
| Creatinine-adjusted model | 1.241 (1.031, 1.495) | 1.211 (1.009, 1.452) | 1.301 (1.064, 1.592) | 1.456 (1.150, 1.844) | ||
| ALP (n=10 564) | 1.442 (1.270, 1.638) | |||||
| Volume-based model | 1.568 (1.277, 1.926) | 1.522 (1.239, 1.870) | 1.510 (1.187, 1.920) | 1.443 (1.088, 1.914) | ||
| Creatinine-adjusted model | 1.804 (1.457, 2.233) | 1.738 (1.409, 2.145) | 1.728 (1.351, 2.211) | 1.629 (1.222, 2.171) | ||
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
Model 1: Not adjusted for any covariates; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, annual family income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, and BMI; Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, annual family income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, BMI, HBV infection, HCV infection, and heavy drinking; Model 4: Excluded HBV-infected participants, HCV-infected participants, and heavy drinkers from the original study population and adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, annual family income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, and BMI; Model 5: Excluded smokers and former smokers from the original study population and adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, annual family income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, and BMI.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; TB, total bilirubin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BMI, body mass index; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus.
The sizes of subsamples used in models 1, 2, and 3 were indicated. The number of participants used in model 4 and 5 was different as follows: for model 4, the numbers of participants used to analyze the effect of cadmium on ALT, AST, GGT, TB, and ALP were 9928, 9928, 9944, 8843, and 8847, respectively; for model 5, the numbers of participants used to analyze the effect of cadmium on ALT, AST, GGT, TB, and ALP were 6174, 6174, 6184, 5545, and 5547, respectively.