Table 1.
Basic characteristics of study subjects
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 23 248) | Large cities (n = 9253) | Rural areas (n = 7081) | Medium/small cities (n = 6914) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||||
| Age | <0.001 | ||||||
| 65-74 | 12 467 (53.6) | 5075 (54.6) | 3561 (50.3) | 3831 (55.4) | |||
| 75-84 | 8616 (37.1) | 3320 (35.9) | 2807 (39.6) | 2489 (36.0) | |||
| >84 | 2165 (9.3) | 858 (9.3) | 713 (10.1) | 594 (8.6) | |||
| Sex | 0.711 | ||||||
| Female | 13 267 (57.1) | 5309 (57.4) | 4035 (57.0) | 3923 (56.7) | |||
| Male | 9981 (42.9) | 3944 (42.6) | 3046 (43.0) | 2991 (43.3) | |||
| Income (quartiles) | <0.001 | ||||||
| High | 6064 (26.1) | 2389 (25.8) | 1870 (26.4) | 1805 (26.1) | |||
| Middle-high | 6089 (26.2) | 2509 (27.1) | 1725 (24.4) | 1855 (26.8) | |||
| Middle-low | 5992 (25.8) | 2406 (26.0) | 1780 (25.1) | 1806 (26.1) | |||
| Low | 5103 (22.0) | 1949 (21.1) | 1706 (24.1) | 1448 (20.9) | |||
| Education (y) | <0.001 | ||||||
| <9 | 14 738 (63.4) | 5270 (57.0) | 5455 (77.0) | 4013 (58.0) | |||
| ≥9 | 8510 (36.6) | 3983 (43.0) | 1626 (23.0) | 2901 (42.0) | |||
| Economic activity | <0.001 | ||||||
| Active | 5316 (22.9) | 1444 (15.6) | 2529 (35.7) | 1343 (19.4) | |||
| Inactive | 17 932 (77.1) | 7809 (84.4) | 4552 (64.3) | 5571 (80.6) | |||
| Religion | <0.001 | ||||||
| No religion | 12 414 (53.4) | 4584 (49.5) | 4294 (60.6) | 3536 (51.1) | |||
| Protestant | 4373 (18.8) | 1869 (20.2) | 1060 (15.0) | 1444 (20.9) | |||
| Catholic | 1744 (7.5) | 870 (9.4) | 232 (3.3) | 642 (9.3) | |||
| Buddhist | 4533 (19.5) | 1853 (20.0) | 1448 (20.4) | 1232 (17.8) | |||
| Other | 184 (0.8) | 77 (0.83) | 47 (0.7) | 60 (0.9) | |||
| Health status | |||||||
| Subjective health status | 0.142 | ||||||
| Bad | 9489 (80.8) | 3717 (40.2) | 2953 (41.7) | 2819 (40.8) | |||
| Good | 13 759 (59.2) | 5536 (59.8) | 4128 (58.3) | 4095 (59.2) | |||
| Chronic disease | <0.001 | ||||||
| ≥1 | 18 109 (77.9) | 7284 (78.7) | 5253 (74.2) | 5572 (80.6) | |||
| None | 5139 (22.1) | 1969 (21.3) | 1828 (25.8) | 1342 (19.4) | |||
| IADL | 0.006 | ||||||
| Limited | 4170 (17.9) | 1751 (18.9) | 1233 (17.4) | 1186 (17.2) | |||
| Not limited | 19 078 (82.1) | 7502 (81.1) | 5848 (82.6) | 5728 (82.8) | |||
| Social relations | <0.001 | ||||||
| Meetings with neighbors | |||||||
| <1/wk | 8302 (35.7) | 3426 (37.0) | 1844 (26.0) | 3035 (43.9) | |||
| ≥1/wk | 14 946 (64.3) | 5830 (63.0) | 5237 (74.0) | 3879 (56.1) | |||
| Relationship with children | <0.001 | ||||||
| Meetings with children | |||||||
| <1/wk | 17 568 (75.6) | 6920 (74.8) | 5664 (80.0) | 4984 (72.1) | |||
| ≥1/wk | 5680 (24.4) | 2333 (25.2) | 1417 (20.0) | 1930 (27.9) | |||
| Remote contact with children | <0.001 | ||||||
| <1/wk | 7504 (32.3) | 3158 (34.1) | 2254 (31.8) | 2092 (30.3) | |||
| ≥1/wk | 15 744 (67.7) | 6095 (65.9) | 4827 (68.2) | 4822 (69.7) | |||
| Living arrangement | 0.009 | ||||||
| Lived alone | 4388 (18.9) | 1713 (18.5) | 1419 (20.0) | 1256 (18.2) | |||
| Lived with others | 18 860 (81.1) | 7540 (81.5) | 5662 (80.0) | 5658 (81.8) | |||
| Depressive symptoms | |||||||
| CES-D-10 score | <0.001 | ||||||
| <4 | 11 193 (48.2) | 4722 (51.0) | 3300 (46.6) | 3171 (45.9) | |||
| ≥4 | 12 055 (51.8) | 4531 (49.0) | 3781 (53.4) | 3743 (54.1) | |||
| Previous CES-D-10 score | <0.001 | ||||||
| <4 | 11 960 (51.5) | 5045 (54.5) | 3480 (49.2) | 3435 (49.7) | |||
| ≥4 | 11 288 (48.5) | 4208 (45.5) | 3601 (50.8) | 3479 (50.3) | |||
Values are presented as number (%).
IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; CES-D-10, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-10.