Table 2.
Model assumptions and parameters for HPV vaccine evaluated
| Reference | Age of vaccination | Vaccine type | No of doses | Vaccine efficacy | Vaccine coverage | Duration of protection | Unit cost reported* | Unit cost in 2021 USD |
| Canfell et al25 | 15 | Unspecified | 3 | 100% | 70% | Lifelong | Varied in the analysis | Varied in the analysis |
| Choi et al26 | 12 | Nonavalent | 2 | 95.5% (90.0%–98.4%) for HPV-16 95.8% (84.1%–99.5%) for HPV-18 96.0% (94.4%–97.2%) for HPV-OV 0% for HPV/NV |
25%, 50% and 75% | 20 years, 30 years and lifelong (various scenarios) | US$284 | US$303.1 |
| Jiang et al27 | 16 | Bivalent Quadrivalent Nonavalent |
Unclear | 100% | 100% | Lifelong | Nonavalent: US$628 Quadrivalent: US$393 Bivalent: US$291 |
Nonavalent: US$682.5 Quadrivalent: US$427.1 Bivalent: US$316.3 |
| Levin et al28 | <12 | Unspecified | 3 | 100% | 70% | Lifelong | US$46 | US$61.1 |
| Liu et al29 | 12–55 | Bivalent | 3 | 93.2% against CC 64.9% against CIN2/3 50.3% against CIN1 |
70% | Lifelong | ¥1954 | US$333.2 |
| Luo et al30 | 12 | Bivalent | 3 | 95% (63%–100%) | 100%† | Lifelong | ¥1999 | US$308.4 |
| Luo et al31 | 12 | Bivalent | 2 | 76.78% (40%–100%) | 70% | Lifelong | ¥1040 | US$160.4 |
| Ma et al32 | 9–16 | Quadrivalent | Unclear | 78.9% (74.5%–82.4%) | 50% | 5% rate of immunity waning | US$451 | US$452.3 |
| Mo et al33 | 12 | Bivalent Quadrivalent Nonavalent |
3 | Bivalent: 80.7% (57.5%–98.9%) Quadrivalent: 81.5% (58.8%–98.2%) Nonavalent: 90.8% (66.5%–100%) |
20% (10%–100% in SA) | Lifelong | Bi/Quadrivalent: US$408 Nonavalent: US$452 |
Bi/Quadrivalent: US$459.6 Nonavalent: US$509.1 |
| Qie34 | 18–25 | Bivalent | 3 | 100% | 80% | Lifelong | ¥1842 | US$308.0 |
| Song et al35 | Primary: 15 Expanded: 16–39 | Bivalent | 3 | 100% | 70% | Lifelong | ¥1995 | US$333.6 |
| Sun et al36 | 18–25 | Bivalent | 3 | 94.2% (62.7%–99.9%) | 100%† | Lifelong | ¥2000 | US$334.4 |
| Zhang et al37 | 12 | Bivalent | 3 | 93.2% (78.9%–98.7%) against CC 64.9% (52.7%–74.9%) against CIN2/3 50.3% (40.2%–58.8%) against CIN1 |
70% | Lifelong | ¥301 | US$54.2 |
| Zou et al13 | 9–14 | Bivalent | 2 | 94% (80%–99%) | 70% (50%–95% in SA) | Lifelong | US$99.8 | US$104.7 |
*Total cost per girl/woman vaccinated, including medical cost for multiple doses and other relevant costs (eg, vaccine administration).
†Among individuals with negative screening results.
CC, cervical cancer; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; HPV, human papillomavirus; NV, non-vaccine high-risk HPV; OV, other five high-risk HPV targeted by the nonavalent vaccine; SA, sensitivity analysis.