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. 2021 Oct 13;7(1):65–70. doi: 10.1089/pancan.2021.0006

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© Bach Ardalan et al., 2021; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License [CC-BY] (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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FIG. 1. — KRAS pathways. All the common mutations G12D, G12V, G12C, and G12S operate through PI3K alpha, and have no effector protein to interact with the MEK inhibitors. In contrast, G12R operates through PI3K gamma and HAS an effector protein that interacts with MEK inhibitor. This interaction is augmented in the presence of gemcitabine.