Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of study population.

Clinical variables		Retinopathy (n = 50)	No retinopathy (n = 54)	p value
Age (years), Mean ± SD		57.38 ± 8.53	61.15 ± 8.88	0.03 a
Gender, n (%)	Male	30 (60)	23 (42.59)	0.076
	Female	20 (40)	31 (57.41)
Duration of DM (years), median (IQR)		10 (5,15)	3.5 (2,5)	0.002 a
FBS (mg/dL), median (IQR)		164.50 (129, 215)	129 (107, 179)	0.011 b
PPBS (mg/dL), mean ± SD		264.08 ± 103.03	227.11 ± 93.19	0.057
HbA1c (%), mean ± SD		10.44 ± 2.40	9.02 ± 2.71	0.006 a
Serum creatinine (mg/dL), mean ± SD		0.99 ± 0.19	0.95 ± 0.17	0.135
Serum urea (mg/dL), mean ± SD		28 ± 9.77	26.89 ± 9.60	0.560
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD		23.34 ± 3.94	24.04 ± 4.41	0.412
Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD	Male	86.73 ± 13.37	87.72 ± 9.97	0.769
	Female	88.45 ± 11.65	83.45 ± 15.53	0.224
Hypertension, n (%)		18 (36)	19 (35.19)	0.931
Dyslipidaemia, n (%)		6 (12)	2 (3.7)	0.150
Diabetic foot ulcer, n (%)		9 (18)	2 (3.7)	0.018 c
CVA, n (%)		3 (6)	0 (0)	0.108
CAD, n (%)		6 (12)	6 (11.11)	0.887

BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DM, diabetes mellitus; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; IQR, interquartile range; PPBS, post-prandial blood sugar; SD, standard deviation.

^aStudent’s t test.

^bMann–Whitney U test.

^cChi-square test.