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. 2021 Nov 25;12:777483. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.777483

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Copyright © 2021 Liu, Li, Song, Yan, Han, Tang and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanism of hypercoagulable state in malignant tumors. Tumor cells activate cellular systems in vivo through intercellular interactions and injured endothelial cells. Tumor cells can directly release tissue factor (TF) and cancer procoaparticles (CP). Tumor cells produce cytokines including interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Activated blood cells (such as monocytes and platelets) and the microparticles (MP) produced by these cells work synergistically to increase TF expression and activate the coagulation system in vivo.