TABLE 1.
Autophagy-related genes and their function in autophagy.
| Genes | Autophagy-related function description | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human | Yeast | — | — |
| ATG2A/B | Atg2 | Is part of ATG2–WIPI complexes involved in transferring lipid to the endoplasmic reticulum and the phagophore formation | Otomo and Maeda, (2019); Tang et al. (2017) |
| ATG3 | Atg3 | An E2-like enzyme that conjugates Atg8 with phosphatidylethanolamine; is essential for maintaining mitochondrial integrity | Besteiro et al. (2011); Yamaguchi et al. (2010) |
| ATG4A-D | Atg4 | Cysteine protease mediates Atg8/LC3 lipid conjugation system | Agrotis et al. (2019); Zhang et al. (2016) |
| ATG5 | Atg5 | Participates in the formation of Atg12-Atg5/Atg16L1 (E3 ubiquitin ligase-like complex) and is required for autophagosome formation | Vij et al. (2016) |
| BECN1 | Atg6 | A component of the BECN1–PIK3C3–PIK3R4 complex and is indispensable for autophagy induction | Feng et al. (2014) |
| ATG7 | Atg7 | An E1-like enzyme that is essential for ATG12-conjugation and LC3-lipidation | Tanida et al. (2012) |
| MAP1LC3A/B/C; GABARAP; GABARAP L1–3 | Atg8 | Conjugated to PE by the two conjugation systems involving ATG7, ATG10, ATG3, ATG5, ATG12 and ATG16; act as autophagosome marker | Birgisdottir et al. (2013); Mizushima et al. (2011) |
| ATG9A/B | Atg9 | The sole transmembrane protein driving autophagosomal membrane expansion | Matoba et al. (2020) |
| ATG10 | Atg10 | A protein-conjugating enzyme in the ATG12–ATG5 conjugation | Phillips et al. (2008) |
| ATG12 | Atg12 | A ubiquitin-like modifier; forms a multimeric complex with Atg16 and Atg5 | Hanada and Ohsumi, (2005) |
| ATG13 | Atg13 | Part of ULK–Atg13–FIP200 complexes involved in autophagosome formation | Jung et al. (2009) |
| ATG14 | Atg14 | Mediates fusion of autophagosomes to endolysosomes; a component of the BECN1-ATG14-containing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex | Diao et al. (2015); Zhao et al. (2020) |
| ATG16L1/L2 | Atg16 | Participates in ubiquitin-like protein conjugation systems that are important for autophagosome formation and membrane elongation | Mesquita et al. (2017); Xiong et al. (2018) |
| ATG101 | — | Component of the ULK1 complex; an accessory protein involved in ATG13 stabilization; bridges the ULK1 and PtdIns3K complexes | Kim et al. (2018); Zachari and Ganley, (2017) |
| ULK1/2 | — | Comprises of the ULK–ATG13–FIP200–ATG101 complex involved in autophagy induction | Zachari and Ganley, (2017) |
| RB1CC1 | Atg17 | Parts of the ULK1 complex (ULK1, RB1CC1, ATG13, and ATG101) involved in autophagy initiation | Hurley and Young, (2017) |
| WIPI1/2 | Atg18 | Recognizes and decodes the PtdIns3P signal; facilitates the ATG12-5/ATG16 conjugates LC3 to phosphatidylethanolamine | Dooley et al. (2014); Proikas-Cezanne et al. (2015) |