Table 2.
Longitudinal associations between pre-pandemic inflammatory markers and depressive symptoms during the pandemic.
| Adjustments | CRP (n = 3574) | Fibrinogen (n = 3314) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (SE) | 95% CI | p | OR (SE) | 95% CI | p | |
| Model 1: adjusted for baseline depressive symptoms | 1.69 (0.18) | 1.38–2.08 | <0.001 | 1.29 (0.11) | 1.09–1.52 | 0.003 |
| Model 2: Model 1 + adjustment for age and sex | 1.65 (0.17) | 1.34–2.03 | <0.001 | 1.26 (0.11) | 1.07–1.50 | 0.007 |
| Model 3: Model 1 + adjustment for education and wealth | 1.57 (0.17) | 1.27–1.93 | <0.001 | 1.23 (0.11) | 1.04–1.46 | 0.019 |
| Model 4: Model 1 + adjustment for lifestyle variablesa | 1.50 (0.16) | 1.22–1.85 | <0.001 | 1.16 (0.10) | 0.98–1.38 | 0.085 |
| Model 5: Model 1 + adjustment for clinical variablesb | 1.59 (0.17) | 1.29–1.97 | <0.001 | 1.22 (0.11) | 1.03–1.45 | 0.025 |
| Model 6: adjusted for all covariatesc | 1.40 (0.16) | 1.12–1.73 | 0.003 | 1.12 (0.10) | 0.94–1.34 | 0.180 |
CI confidence interval, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, OR odds ratio, p significance value.
aLifestyle variables = smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity.
bClinical variables = triglyceride, HDL, LDL, limiting longstanding illness.
cAll covariates = depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 4), age, sex, education, wealth, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, limiting longstanding illness.