FIGURE 1.

Protective effects of resveratrol during CoCl₂‐induced hypoxic stress. Effects of various concentrations of the resveratrol on KGN cells. (A) Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) mRNA and (B) peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma coactivator (PGC)‐1α mRNA levels were assessed via real‐time PCR and calculated after normalization to elongation factor 1α mRNA levels. (C) Mitochondrial DNA copy number was determined via real‐time PCR. Effects of CoCl₂‐induced hypoxic stress on mRNA expression and protein secretion. (D) SIRT1 mRNA and (E) PGC‐1α mRNA levels were assessed via real‐time PCR and calculated after normalization to elongation factor 1α mRNA levels. (F) Mitochondrial DNA copy number was determined via real‐time PCR. (G) The expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α was quantified using western blotting. The levels of HIF‐1α were normalized to β‐actin levels. (H) The protein levels were quantified using ImageJ. (I) Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor protein were analyzed via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Fold differences are shown in comparison with the control, for which the value was defined as 1.0. Data are presented as mean ±SEM, n = 3. Statistically significant differences are indicated in brackets: * p < 0.05 versus the control group; ** p < 0.05 versus the 100 μmol/L CoCl₂ treatment group. These figures have been modified from Nishigaki et al. ⁹² Reprod Med Biol. 2020