Table 1.

In vivo studies involving quercetin and NAFLD

Author	Year	Animal model	Mechanism of induced NAFLD	Effects	Mechanism of action
Yang et al.[89]	2019	C57BLKS/J/Lepdb/Lepdb (db/db) mice	diabetic vs control mice	reduction in liver swelling, normalization of liver enzymes, and reduced hyperglycemia	antioxidation, antiinflammatory effect and improved lipid metabolism via activating FXR1/TGR5 signaling pathways
Liu et al.[66]	2018	C57BL/J	HFD	alleviated hepatic steatosis	enhancing frataxin-mediated PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy
Zhu et al.[67]	2018	Sprague-Dawley rats	HFD	alleviated hepatic steatosis	hepatic VLDL assembly and lipophagy are the main targets of quercetin against NAFLD via the IRE1a/XBP1s pathway
Porras et al.[68]	2017	mice	HFD	Improved gut microbial balance and related gut-liver axis activation	reverted gut microbiota imbalance and related endotoxemia-mediated TLR-4 pathway induction
Shimizu et al.[69]	2015	Caco-2 cells	-	alleviated hepatic steatosis	mRNA levels of apolipoprotein B downregulated
Pisonero-Vaquero et al.[70]	2015	Mice	methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet	alleviated hepatic steatosis	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway modulation
Surapaneni et al.[71]	2014	Rats	HFD	alleviated hepatic steatosis	reducing the levels of CYP2E1
Ying et al.[6]	2013	Gerbils	HFD	decreased levels TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT, AST	reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6
Jung et al.[72]	2013	C57BL/6J mice	HFD	reduction in liver weight and amount of triacylglycerols and lipid droplet	downregulated lipid metabolism-related genes Fnta, Pon1, Pparg, Aldh1b1, Apoa4, Abcg5, Gpam, Acaca, Cd36, Fdft1 and Fasn
Li et al.[73]	2013	HepG2 cells	-	alleviated hepatic steatosis	suppression of lipogenesis gene expression levels of SREBP-1c and FAS
Panchal et al.[74]	2012	rats	HFD	attenuated liver steatosis	down-regulation of NF-kB, up-regulation of Nrf2, increased expression of CPT1a
Marcolin et al.[5]	2012	C57BL/6J mice	methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet	lower degree of liver steatosis, reduction in oxidative stress	reduced proinflammatory and profibrotic gene expression and oxidative stress
Kobori et al.[76]	2011	C56BL/6J mice	HFD	Improved TG levels, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, glutathione levels and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α expression	expression of hepatic genes related to steatosis, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c normalized
Kobori et al.[77]	2009	mice	STZ-induced diabetic mice	increase in blood glucose levels, improved plasma insulin levels	inhibition of Cdkn1a expression
Casaschi et al.[19]	2002	human intestinal cell-line CaCo-2	-	alleviated hepatic steatosis	inhibitor of intestinal apolipoprotein B secretion