Extended Data Fig. 2 |. Thresholds for genome-wide significant association with de novo PTVs.

a, Gene mutability is a function of gene length (cDNA) and sequence context (particularly GC content). b, RGD gene discovery from exome sequencing has been driven by de novo mutations, leading to a bias towards larger genes with higher mutability. c, Thresholds of statistical association (colored lines) are estimated for a given number of de novo PTV mutations (3, 5, 10, and 20) as cohort size (x axis) and gene mutability/size (y axis) varies. P values are estimated based on the rate of de novo PTV mutations in controls⁴ and a Poisson distribution (see Methods for details). Abbreviations: pLI, probability of loss-of-function intolerance; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; DDD: Deciphering Developmental Disorders; GC content, guanine-cytosine content.