Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants.
| Covariates | Dietary magnesium intake (mg/d) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Total
(n = 10,249) |
<267mg/d
(n = 5,094) |
≥267mg/d
(n = 5,155) |
p-value | |
| Age (years) | 47.1 ± 0.3 | 47.6 ± 0.4 | 46.7 ± 0.4 | 0.0458 |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 4,968 (47.7± 0.8) | 2,366 (36 ± 1) | 2,602 (57.7 ± 1) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 5,281 (52.3 ± 0.8) | 3,595 (64 ±1) | 1,686 (42.3 ± 1) | <0.0001 |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| Mexican American | 1,470 (8.1 ± 0.9) | 757 (7.2 ± 1) | 713 (8.9 ± 1) | 0.0212 |
| Other Hispanic | 1,005 (5.7 ± 0.7) | 593 (5.9 ± 0.8) | 412 (5.4 ± 0.7) | 0.3251 |
| Non-Hispanic white | 4,738 (69 ± 1.8) | 2,688 (66.0 ± 2.1) | 2,050 (71.6 ± 1.8) | 0.0001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2,065 (10.5 ± 0.9) | 1,399 (13.5 ± 1.2) | 666 (7.8 ± 0.7) | <0.001 |
| Other races | 971 (6.8 ± 0.5) | 524 (7.3± 0.6) | 447 (6.3 ± 0.6) | 0.0398 |
| BMI (kg/m2), Mean ± SD | 28. ± 0.1 | 29.3 ± 0.1 | 28.6 ± 0.2 | 0.0005 |
| Obesity, n (%) | ||||
| No | 6,449 (64.1 ± 0.7) | 3,610 (61 ± 0.9) | 2,839 (66.8 ± 1.1) | 0.0002 |
| Yes | 3,800 (35.9 ± 0.7) | 2,351 (39 ± 0.9) | 1,449 (33.2 ± 1.1) | 0.0002 |
| Season of examination, n (%) | ||||
| Winter | 4,812 (42.1 ± 3.2) | 2,799 (43.3 ± 3.3) | 2,013 (41.1 ± 3.4) | 0.2899 |
| Summer | 5,437 (57.9 ± 3.2) | 3,162 (56.7 ± 3.3) | 2,275 (58.9 ± 3.4) | 0.2899 |
| Two Hour Glucose (OGTT) (mmol/L) | 6.5 ± 0 | 6.6 ± 0.1 | 6.3 ± 0.1 | 0.0006 |
| Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.8 ± 0 | 5.8 ± 0 | 5.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9606 |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | 5.6 ± 0 | 5.6 ± 0 | 5.6 ± 0 | 0.0421 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Current smoker | 2,202 (21.4 ± 0.6) | 1,292 (21.9± 0.8) | 910 (21 ± 0.8) | 0.4879 |
| Former smoker | 2,483 (24.5 ± 0.7) | 1,441 (24 ± 0.9) | 1,042 (25 ± 0.8) | 0.409 |
| Never smoker | 5,564 (54.1 ± 0.6) | 3,228 (54.1 ± 0.9) | 2,336 (54 ± 0.8) | 0.9149 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | ||||
| Vigorous work activity | 1,836 (18 ± 0.5) | 1,051 (17.5 ± 0.7) | 785 (18.4 ± 0.7) | 0.3272 |
| Moderate work activity | 2,157 (21.2 ± 0.6) | 1,247 (21.5 ± 0.9) | 910 (20.9 ± 0.8) | 0.6154 |
| Walk or bicycle | 1,441 (13.8 ± 0.5) | 838 (13.5 ± 0.7) | 603 (13.9 ± 0.7) | 0.6871 |
| Vigorous recreational activities | 682 (6.2 ± 0.3) | 385 (5.7 ± 0.5) | 297 (6.7 ± 0.4) | 0.1473 |
| Moderate recreational activities | 4,133 (40.9 ± 0.7) | 2,440 (41.8 ± 1.1) | 1,693 (40.1 ± 1.1) | 0.3049 |
| Education level, n (%) | ||||
| Did not graduate from high school | 2,563 (17.0 ± 0.9) | 1,655 (19.8 ± 1.0) | 908 (14.5 ± 0.9) | <0.0001 |
| Graduated from high school | 2,284 (22.0 ± 0.8) | 1,447 (25.3 ± 1.0) | 837 (19.1 ± 1.0) | <0.0001 |
| College education or above | 5,393 (61.0 ± 1.3) | 2,852 (54.8 ± 1.3) | 2,541 (66.4 ± 1.6) | <0.0001 |
| PIR, n (%) | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Dietary factors | ||||
| Energy (kcal) | 2,176.8 ± 14.5 | 1,627.5 ± 15.3 | 2,650.9 ± 20.7 | <0.0001 |
| Protein (gm) | 84 ± 0.7 | 59.8± 0.6 | 104.9 ± 1 | <0.0001 |
| Fiber (gm) | 17.3 ± 0.2 | 10.8 ± 0.1 | 22.9 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 309.6 ± 3.1 | 191.7 ± 12 | 411.5 ± 2.5 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium (mg) | 985.9 ± 10.9 | 668 ± 7.9 | 1,260.4.2 ± 12.8 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin D (mg) | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 2.9± 0.1 | 6.4 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 |
| Risk for diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 1,171 (12.9 ± 0.5) | 697 (12.4 ± 0.7) | 474 (11.3 ± 0.7) | 0.3016 |
| No | 7,839 (86.9 ± 0.5) | 4,478 (78 ± 0.8) | 33,661 (80.5 ± 0.9) | 0.0659 |
| Unknown | 28 (0.2 ± 0.1) | 16 (0.2 ± 0.1) | 12 (0.2 ± 0.1) | 0.8204 |
| T2D, n (%) | ||||
| No | 8,447 (86.8 ± 0.5) | 4,810 (85.5 ± 0.6) | 3,637 (87.9 ± 0.8) | 0.0096 |
| Yes | 1,802 (13.2 ± 0.5) | 1,151 (14.5 ± 0.6) | 651 (12.1 ± 0.8) | 0.0096 |
PIR, ratio of family income to poverty; BMI, body mass index; T2D, type 2 diabetes.