Table 2.
Multiple linear regression analyses for the associations between handgrip strength and WHOQOL-OLD, overall and in each domain (n = 400).
| Main Independent Variable | Crude Model | Adjusted Model1 a | Adjusted Model 2 b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | |
| Overall QOL | ||||||
| Grip strength | ||||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Medium | 7.86 (5.36, 10.37) | <0.001 | 3.26 (1.18, 5.34) | 0.002 | 2.04 (0.23, 3.85) | 0.027 |
| High | 14.82 (12.31, 17.33) | <0.001 | 6.96 (4.69, 9.22) | <0.001 | 4.40 (2.40, 6.40) | <0.001 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| partial ω2 | 0.336 | 0.104 | 0.053 | |||
| Sensory ability | ||||||
| Grip strength | ||||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Medium | 12.42 (8.11, 16.72) | <0.001 | 5.59 (1.41, 9.78) | 0.009 | 4.00 (−0.01, 8.02) | 0.051 |
| High | 18.35 (14.03, 22.66) | <0.001 | 7.44 (2.89, 11.99) | 0.001 | 4.29 (−0.14, 8.73) | 0.058 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.063 | |||
| partial ω2 | 0.219 | 0.038 | 0.004 | |||
| Autonomy | ||||||
| Grip strength | ||||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Medium | 9.50 (5.97, 13.03) | <0.001 | 2.84 (−0.09, 5.77) | 0.058 | 1.70 (1.87, 7.70) | 0.231 |
| High | 20.53 (16.99, 24.07) | <0.001 | 9.17 (5.98, 12.36) | <0.001 | 6.74 (3.66,9.81) | <0.001 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| partial ω2 | 0.307 | 0.079 | 0.044 | |||
| Past, present and future activities | ||||||
| Grip strength | ||||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Medium | 6.66 (4.09, 9.22) | <0.001 | 2.81 (0.42, 5.19) | 0.021 | 1.62 (−0.52, 3.76) | 0.136 |
| High | 12.94 (10.37, 15.52) | <0.001 | 6.13 (3.53, 8.72) | <0.001 | 3.52 (1.15, 5.88) | 0.004 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | |||
| partial ω2 | 0.254 | 0.061 | 0.022 | |||
| Social participation | ||||||
| Grip strength | ||||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Medium | 11.06 (7.63, 14.49) | <0.001 | 5.08 (2.18, 7.98) | 0.001 | 3.60 (0.91, 6.29) | 0.009 |
| High | 19.72 (16.28, 23.16) | <0.001 | 9.43 (6.28, 12.59) | <0.001 | 6.72 (3.75,9.69) | <0.001 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| partial ω2 | 0.329 | 0.106 | 0.061 | |||
| Perception of death and dying | ||||||
| Grip strength | ||||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Medium | 3.61 (0.29, 6.92) | 0.033 | 2.98 (−0.43, 6.40) | 0.086 | 2.41 (−0.99, 5.82) | 0.164 |
| High | 5.41 (2.09, 8.73) | 0.001 | 4.14 (0.46, 7.85) | 0.029 | 2.85 (−0.91, 6.62) | 0.971 |
| p for trend | 0.001 | 0.530 | 0.970 | |||
| partial ω2 | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.142 | |||
| Intimacy | ||||||
| Grip strength | ||||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Medium | 3.94 (0.42, 7.47) | 0.0281 | 0.24 (−3.22, 3.71) | 0.891 | −1.09 (−4.28, 2.10) | 0.503 |
| High | 11.98 (8.45, 15.51) | <0.001 | 5.44 (1.68, 9.21) | 0.005 | 2.29 (−1.23, 5.82) | 0.202 |
| p for trend | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.183 | |||
| partial ω2 | 0.107 | 0.015 | 0.0002 | |||
Note: β = unstandardized regression coefficient; CI = confidence interval; ω2 = omega squared; Ref. = reference group. a Model 1 adjusted for age, gender, education, marital status, living arrangement, number of chronic conditions, polypharmacy, and functional limitations. b Model 2 adjusted for demographics, health conditions, and psychosocial factors, including age, gender, education, marital status, living arrangement, number of chronic conditions, polypharmacy, functional limitations, depressed symptoms, loneliness, and cognitive function.