Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, plasma zonulin levels, and perinatal outcomes of groups.
| Variables | Group 1 (n = 88) |
Group 2 (n = 91) |
Group 3 (n = 16) |
Group 4 (n = 136) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) median (min–max) |
26.5 (18–41) | 27 (20–42) | 32 (18–39) | 26 (18–45) | 0.127 a |
| BMI (kg/m2) median (min–max) |
27.71 (20.12–39.12) | 30.12 (22.12–38.12) | 35.39 (27.88–39.12) | 26.38 (20.22–42.12) | <0.001 a |
| Gravidity median (min–max) |
1 (1–6) | 1 (1–5) | 1 (1–6) | 2 (1–8) | 0.724 a |
| Parity median (min–max) |
0 (0–4) | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–3) | 1 (0–5) | 0.710 a |
| Gestational week of delivery median (min–max) |
37 (34–40) | 39 (28–40) | 36 (34–38) | 39 (30–42) | <0.001 a |
| 1st minute APGAR score median (min–max) |
9 (5–9) | 8 (5–9) | 8 (5–9) | 9 (5–9) | <0.001 a |
| 5th minute APGAR score median (min–max) |
9 (8–10) | 10 (7–10) | 9 (8–10) | 10 (8–10) | <0.001 a |
| Zonulin (ng/mL) median (min–max) |
12.11 (1.77–149.12) | 31,03 (0.77–103.11) | 110.33 (66.12–188.9) | 4.77 (0.12–101.11) | <0.001 a |
| Delivery type (CS/VD) n (%) |
37/51 (42%/58%) |
31/60 (34.1%/65.9%) |
3/13 (18.8%/81.3%) |
27/109 (19.9%/80.1%) |
0.002 b |
| NICU admission n (%) |
7 (8%) | 19 (20.9%) | 3 (18.8%) | 8 (5.9%) | 0.003 b |
| Meconium staining n (%) |
8 (9.1%) | 10 (11%) | 8 (50%) | 9 (6.6%) | <0.001 b |
The levels of categories are presented as median (min–max) for numerical variables and as the number of observations and percentile for nominal variables. Values in bold represent statistically significant outcomes. Abbreviations: NICU: newborn intensive care unit CS: Caesarean section VD: vaginal delivery BMI: body mass index. a Kruskal–Wallis test. b Pearson chi-squared test.