Table 4.
Prevalence of insomnia and sleepiness stratified by diet and lifestyle variables.
| Category | Variables | Insomnia 1 | p-Value | Sleepiness 2 | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n (%) | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | ||||
| Vegetarian diet | Yes | 340 (45.5%) | 407 (54.5%) | 0.01 | 149 (20.0%) | 598 (80.0%) | 0.01 |
| No | 621 (51.4%) | 588 (48.6%) | 302 (25.0%) | 907 (75.0%) | |||
| Fruit and vegetables per day 3 | At least 1 | 828 (48.2%) | 888 (51.8%) | 0.03756 | 379 (22.1%) | 1337 (77.9%) | 0.006 |
| Less than 1 | 133 (55.4%) | 107 (44.6%) | 72 (30.0%) | 168 (70.0%) | |||
| Meat per day 4 | At least once | 335 (48.9%) | 350 (51.1%) | ns | 155 (22.6%) | 530 (77.4%) | ns |
| Less than once | 626 (49.2%) | 645 (50.8%) | 296 (23.3%) | 975 (76.7%) | |||
| Coffee 5 | Everyday | 51 (48.6%) | 54 (51.4%) | ns | 24 (22.9%) | 81 (77.1%) | ns |
| Less often | 910 (49.2%) | 941 (50.8%) | 427 (23.1%) | 1424 (76.9%) | |||
| Alcohol 6 | Everyday | 14 (51.9%) | 13 (48.1%) | ns | 5 (18.5%) | 22 (81.5%) | ns |
| Less often | 947 (49.1%) | 982 (50.9%) | 446 (23.1%) | 1483 (76.9%) | |||
| Smoking | Yes | 141 (58.0%) | 102 (42.0%) | 0.003 | 64 (26.3%) | 179 (73.7%) | ns |
| No | 820 (47.9%) | 893 (52.1%) | 387 (22.6%) | 1326 (77.4%) | |||
| Using electronic devices 1 h before sleep | Yes | 873 (50.8%) | 847 (49.2%) | 0.0001 | 407 (23.7%) | 1313 (76.3%) | ns |
| No | 88 (37.3%) | 148 (62%) | 44 (18.6%) | 192 (81.4%) | |||
| BMI [kg/m2] | <18.5 | 59 (53.6%) | 51 (46.4%) | 0.00458 | 22 (20.0%) | 88 (80.0%) | ns |
| 18.5–24.99 | 624 (46.7%) | 732 (53.3%) | 319 (23.2%) | 1055 (76.8%) | |||
| >24.99 | 260 (55.1%) | 212 (44.9%) | 110 (23.3%) | 362 (76.7%) | |||
1 Insomnia was defined as individuals who scored >= 6 points in AIS. 2 Sleepiness was defined as individuals who scored >= 10 points in ESS. 3 Fruit and vegetables per day was defined as individuals who consumed at least one portion of fruit or vegetables everyday. 4 Meat per day was defined as individuals who consumed at least one portion of meat everyday. 5 Coffee was defined as individuals who drunk coffee 5 or less hours before sleep everyday. 6 Alcohol was defined as individuals who consumed alcohol everyday.