Table 1.

The global impact of antibiotic treatment on food-producing animals.

Class	Trade name	Generic name	Livestock animals	Administration route	Purpose	Side effects	Ref
Penicillin	Pfizerpen	Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G)	Cattle, pigs, sheep, turkeys, horses. Dogs, cats, calves	SC, IM,	Increased food intake, weight gain, and improved herd Health. Pneumonia in cattle, sheep arthritis, sepsis in pigs, horses, sheep, cats, dogs	Vomiting and shivering, pain at the injection site	(Liu et al., 2015)
Sulfonamide	Sulquin Di-Methox Injection-40%, Sulfasol	Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfadimethoxine	Rabbits, dogs, poultry dogs, turkeys, cats	Oral, IV	Control liver coccidiosis, feed additive, growth promotion	Crystallization of sulfonamides can occur in the kidneys with high doses	(Liu et al., 2015)
Polypeptides	Baciferm, Vetropolycin	Bacitracin, Zinc, Bacitracin	Food-producing animals. Beef cattle, dairy cattle, poultry, and swine, turkey	Topical, IM	Increase the feed conversion ratio. Improved growth, meat production weight gain. Feed additive	Itching, burning, or inflammation	(Page and Gautier, 2012)
Aminoglycosides	Amifuse E Amiglyde-V, GentaVed 50, GentaVed 100 NeoMed 325	Amikacin Gentamicin Neomycin	Cattle and sheep, chickens, goats, lambs, piglets, horses, turkeys	IV, IM, Oral	Growth promotion, weight gain to cure mastitis	Dehydration, renal dysfunction, cardiac dysfunction, endotoxemia, renal necrosis	(Ziv et al., 1982; McGlinchey et al., 2008)
Amphenicols	Florum	Florfenicol	Poultry, birds	Oral	Shows activity against many chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria, growth promoter	Induces early embryonic death	(Al-Shahrani and Naidoo, 2015)
Tetracycline	Aureomycin, Terramycin	Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline	Calves, lambs, poultry, and swine	IV, IM	Growth promoting	Nausea, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea	(Angelakis, 2017; Granados-Chinchilla and Rodríguez, 2017)
Cephalosporins	Naxcel Cobactan	Cephalosporins (ceftiofur), (Cefquinome)	Chicks, turkey, cattle, goats, pigs, sheeps	IM, SC	Growth promoter, selectively inhibit Firmicutes allow Bacteroides	Anorexia	(Chatfield et al., 1984; Hornish and Kotarski, 2002)
Polymyxins	Colistin sulfate, florfenicol	Amoxicare-Vet, Dafull	Food-producing animals. Beef cattle, dairy cattle, poultry, and swine	IV, IM	Increase the feed conversion ratio. Improved reproduction ability, promote growth	Risks of toxicity and neurological disorders	(Zhou et al., 2011)
Macrolides	Tylan 40, Tylan 100 Biaxin Erythro-200	Tylosin, clarithromycin, erythromycin	Poultry, broilers, cattle, pigs, lambs	Oral, IV	Antimicrobial feed additive. Improved performance, microbiome modification, lipid metabolism, and energy reaping	Can be fatal to pregnant animals	(Dibner and Richards, 2005; Lin et al., 2013; Plumb, 2018)
Streptogramins	Stafac.	Virginiamycin	cattle, pigs swine, turkey, and broiler chickens	Oral	Growth promotion, meat production weight gain. Feed additive	Increase resistance	(Dumonceaux et al., 2006; Page and Gautier, 2012)
Glycopeptides	Coxistac G, Sacox	Salinomycin	Poultry, broilers, turkeys, birds	Oral, IV	Growth promotion, control infection with coccidia microbiome modification, immune regulation. increased food intake, weight gain, and improved herd health	Leg weakness, diarrhea, and depression	(Zhou et al., 2011; Fung et al., 2013)
Lincosamides	Lincomix	Lincomycin	Swine	Oral	Modification of the small intestinal microbiota of swine permits more efficient intestinal and, therefore whole-animal growth	Transient diarrhea or loose stools	(Nielsen and Gyrd-Hansen, 1998)
Fluoroquinolones	Orbax Baytril	Orbifloxacin Enrofloxacin	Dogs and cat poultry	Oral	Health improvement, growth-promoting, used for better skin, soft tissues in pet animals. Improves feed efficiency, thereby increasing productivity	Diarrhea, and lack of appetite, cartilage, sometimes blindness in cats. Reducing the performance of incubated eggs and hatching chicks	(Gouvêa et al., 2015; Papich, 2015)
Monensin	Rumensin	Monovet 90	Cattle and goat	Oral	Increase feed efficiency and weight gain, increase milk production, and decrease milk fat	Adaptation of microbiota may occur; varies with diet and animal	(Dubuc et al., 2010)