Table 8.

Clinical trials on prevention and treatment of cancer therapy-induced oral mucositis with probiotics.

References	Cancer	Treatment	Intervention	Type of Study	Number of Patients; n	Conclusion
Limaye et al. [137].	HNC	CT	AG013 Lactococcus lactis vs. placebo ratio 5:1	RCT Single-blinded	52	35% decrease in mean percentage of days with ulcerative oral mucositis as compared to placebo
Sharma et al. [136].	HNC	CRT	Lactobacillus brevis CD2 vs. placebo ratio 1:1	RCT Double-blinded	210 efficacy analysis—188	Decrease incidence of 3–4 grade oral mucositis (52% vs 77%; p < 0.001);
Sanctis et al. [142].	HNC	CRT	Lactobacillus brevis CD2 vs. bicarbonate mouthwash	RCT open-label	75 efficacy analysis—68	No statistical difference in the incidence of grade 3–4 oropharyngeal mucositis between the intervention and control groups (40.6% vs. 41.6% respectively, p = 0.974)
Jiang et al. [143].	HNC	CRT	Probiotic combination (Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus lactis, and Enterococcus faecium) vs. placebo ratio 2:1	RCT Double-blinded	99	Significant reduction in the severity of OM (grade 3—15.52% vs 45.71%; p < 0.001)

HNC—head and neck cancer; RT—radiotherapy; CT—chemotherapy; CRT—chemoradiotherapy, RCT—randomised clinical trials.