Table 2.
Concordance analysis results.
| Study, Year | Country | Population | Standard Test | Reference Test | Concordance Index (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catarino et al. [4] 2015 | Madagascar | 95 HPV (+) women | VIA and VILI | Biopsy | Physicians on-site (17.7%) vs. physicians off-site (21.7%), agreement rate 76% (Κ: 0.28) |
| Ricard-Gauthier et al. [8] 2015 | Madagascar | 86 HPV (+) women | VIA and VILI | Biopsy | Physician on-site vs. off-site observers (Κ: 0.29) |
| Tanaka et al. [5] 2019 | Japan | 75 HPV (+) women | VIA | Biopsy | Histological diagnosis with a smartphone vs. colposcopy (Κ: 0.67) |
| Sharma et al. [9] 2018 | India | 180 women over 30 years of age | 25 nurses (13.8%) VIA (+) vs. expert physicians 32/180 (17.8%) VIA (+) | N/A | Nurses vs. expert physicians 0.45 (CI: 0.26–0.63) |
| Gallay et al. [13] 2017 | Madagascar | Images from HPV (+) women aged 30 to 65 years | Image quality with VIA in women that are HPV (+) acquired with a smartphone using the EXAM app, evaluated by three expert physicians | N/A | Individual opinion of physicians vs. the consensus of the three physicians 0.45 (CI: 0.23–0.58) |
| Bagga et al. [11] 2016 | India | 230 women between 30 and 65 years | ColpPhon vs. colposcope | Histological testing | Image quality had an agreement in 82% (184/225) and in the diagnosis had an agreement in 90% (208/230) |
| Quinley et al. [10] 2011 | Botswana | 95 HIV-positive women | Interpretation of PIA by on-site nurse vs. gynecologist off-site | Image reading by gynecologist in 64/95 women | Concordance (+) 0.82 Concordance (−) 0.89 |
| Sahin et al. [14] 2018 | Turkey | 42 women | Microscopic cytopathological diagnoses vs. smartphone static image diagnoses | N/A | Concordance 85.5% and discordance 20.44% |
| Singh et al. [12] 2020 | India | 186 women with positive Pap tests and a Swedish score ≥ 5 | Evaluated by doctor A using a gynocular and doctor B with standard colposcopy | Histological testing | Swedish score of doctors A and B (Κ: 0.795) |
Abbreviations: N/A: Not applicable; HPV: human papillomavirus; VIA: visual inspection with acetic acid; VILI: visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; PIA: photographic inspection with acetic acid; Pap, Papanicolau; CI: confidence interval.