Table 3.
Usefulness of a smartphone in detecting cervical lesions.
| Study, Year | Country | Study Population | Study Type | Mobile Technology Used | Control Group | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peterson et al. [15] 2017 | Eastern Africa | 824 women screened in field 1 and 234 in field 2 | Transverse | The MobileODT (Mobile Colposcope) Enhanced Visual Assessment System used by nurses | N/A | Field 1. 12.6% of 824 women had precancerous lesions, and 0.7% had suspected cancer. Field 2. Of 234 women, 4.7% had precancerous lesions, and 3% had suspected cancer |
| Madiedo et al. [16] 2017 | USA | 59 women | Transverse | Enhanced visual mobile colposcope used by expert colposcopists | Cytology | Imaging with the mobile colposcope can be useful in detecting inaccurate PAP results |
| Yeates et al. [17] 2016 | Tanzania | 1072 sexually active women between the ages of 25 and 49 years | Transverse | VIA enhanced by smartphone cervicography | The control was the opinion of an external consultant who reviewed the cervigram images sent remotely | The agreement rate between students and expert reviewers was 96.8% |
| Yeates et al. [18] 2020 | Tanzania | 10,545 women aged 25 to 49 years evaluated using SEVIA at 24 health facilities in five regions of Tanzania | Transverse | An enhanced VIA platform for smartphones for the secure real-time exchange of cervical images for remote support supervision and data monitoring and evaluation | N/A | VIA (+) rates during the first 6 months increased compared with the rates over a 6-month period in the previous year (before the introduction of SEVIA) among HIV+ and HIV− participants as well as first-time participants. However, they did not compare VIA results against a histological diagnosis |
| Tanaka et al. [20] 2017 | Japan | 20 women with abnormal cervical cytology | Pilot study to evaluate the usefulness of a smartphone for the diagnosis of CIN or invasive cancer | iPhone 5S (Apple, Los Altos, CA, USA) was called Smartscopy | Standard colposcopy | 85% of CIN 1 cases and 100% of CIN 2 cases could be diagnosed with a smartphone |
Abbreviations: N/A: Not applicable; HPV: human papillomavirus; VIA: visual inspection with acetic acid; VILI: visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine.; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.