Table 4.
Summary of studies and case reports analyzing the impact of chemotherapy in recurrent adult intracranial and spinal ependymomas. PFS = progression-free survival; OS = overall survival; ST = supratentorial; IF = infratentorial; SP = spinal; CR = complete response; PR = partial response; MR = minimal response; RT = radiation therapy; TMZ = temozolomide; PCV = procarbazine, carmustine, vincristine; MPE = myxo-papillary ependymoma.
| N | Year | Study Type | Age | Chemotherapy | Grade (%) | Tumor Location (%) | Response Rate (%) | Median PFS (Months) | Median OS (Months) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recurrent intracranial ependymomas | ||||||||||
| Gilbert [63] | 50 | 2021 | Phase II | 43.5 | Dose-dense TMZ + lapatinib | I (16%) II (32%) III (40%) |
ST (30%) IT (16%) SP (51%) |
CR (4%) PR (12%) |
7.8 | 27 |
| Gramatzki [64] | 17 | 2016 | Retrospective | 28 | TMZ, PCV, platinum-based, epirubicine plus ifosfamide | II (23%) III (77%) |
ST (65%) IT (35%) |
CR (6%) PR (6%) |
6 | 41 |
| Ruda [65] | 18 | 2016 | Retrospective | 42 | TMZ | II (45%) III (55%) |
ST (61%) IT (39%) |
CR (5%) PR (17%) |
9.7 | 30.5 |
| Lombardi [66] | 1 | 2013 | Case report | 45 | Cisplatin + TMZ | III | ST | PR | 9 | 11 |
| Freyschlag [67] | 1 | 2011 | Case report | 25 | TMZ | III | ST | PR | 5+ | 5+ |
| Green [68] | 8 | 2009 | Retrospective | 40 | Bevacizumab alone or in combination | II (38%) III (62%) |
ST (75%) IT (25%) |
PR (75%) | 6.4 | 9.4 |
| Chamberlain [69] | 25 | 2009 | Retrospective | 49 | TMZ in platinum-refractory tumors | II (100%) | ST (100%) | CR (0%) PR(4%) |
2 | 3 |
| Rehman [70] | 1 | 2006 | Case report | 24 | TMZ | I | IT | CR | 120 | 120 |
| Brandes [71] | 28 | 2005 | Retrospective | 44 | Cisplatin-based (46%) Non cisplatin-based (54%) |
II (61%) III (39%) |
ST (54%) IT (46%) |
CR (7%) PR (14%) |
9.9 | 40.7 |
| Gornet [72] | 14 | 1999 | Retrospective | 31 | Platinum-based Nitroso-urea based |
II (50%) III (37%) |
ST (37%) IT (37%) SP (24%) |
PR (12%) MR (31%) |
3–10 | - |
| Recurrent spinal cord ependymomas | ||||||||||
| Gilbert [63] | 50 | 2021 | Prospective | 43.5 | Dose-dense TMZ + lapatinib | I (16%) II (32%) III (40%) |
ST (30%) IT (16%) SP (51%) |
CR (4%) PR (12%) |
7.8 | 27 |
| Tapia Rico [73] | 1 | 2020 | Case report | 25 | Tislelizumab (anti-PD1) | Metastatic MPE | SP | Stable disease | 18 | 28+ |
| Fujiwara [74] | 1 | 2018 | Case report | 26 | TMZ | Metastatic MPE | Spinal | CR | 72+ | 72+ |
| Lorgis [75] | 2 | 2012 | Retrospective | 45 | Cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, bevacizumab | III (100%) | SP (100%) | PR (100%) | 12+ | 12+ |
| Kim [76] | 2 | 2011 | Case report | 26 | RT + TMZ | III (50%) | SP (100%) | - | 3–36+ | 12–39+ |
| Chamberlain [77] | 10 | 2002 | Prospective pilot study | 30 | Etoposide | Low-grade (100%) | SP (100%) | PR (20%) | 15 | 17.5 |