Table 1.
Overview of expression level of bitter taste receptors at gene and protein level in cancerous cell lines and tissues compared to non-cancerous cell lines and tissues as well as analysed agonists.
Cancer Type | Cells or Tissues |
TAS2Rs/TAS2Rs Regulation |
Agonists Used in Functional Assay with Cell Lines | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Breast cancer | MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 vs. MCF-10A |
TAS2R4 ↓, TAS2R4 ↓ No differences for TAS2R1, 10, 20 (49), 38 at gene and protein level |
Quinine, dextromethorphan, PTC (verified with MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MCF-10A) |
[24] |
Breast cancer | MDA-MB-231 vs. MCF-10A |
TAS2R14 ↑, TAS2R20 ↑ No differences for other TAS2Rs |
[25] | |
Breast cancer | Breast cancer tissues vs. non-cancerous breast tissues |
TAS2R4 ↓ TAS2R14 ↑ TAS2R14 ↑ |
Quinine, apigenin (verified with MDA-MB-231 andMCF-10A) |
[17] |
Ovarian cancer |
OVCAR4, OVCAR8, ovarian cystadenocarcinoma tissue vs. normal fallopian tube tissue; SKOV3 and IGROV1 vs. normal uterine tissue |
TAS2R1 ↓ in OVCAR8, TAS2R4 and 14 ↓ in OVCAR8 and SKOV3, TAS2R10 and 14 ↓ in cancer tissue, TAS2R38 ↓ in all analysed cell lines and cancer tissue |
Noscapine and diphenhydramine for TAS2R14 (verified with SKOV3) |
[18] |
Endometrial cancer | HEC-1a vs. normal uterine tissue |
TAS2R1, 14, 38 ↓ | [18] | |
Prostate cancer |
PC3, LNCAP, DU145 vs. BPH1 |
TAS2R1, 4, 10, 14 ↓ in PC3, LNCAP, DU145, TAS2R38 ↓ in LNCAP, DU145 |
Noscapine for TAS2R14 (verified with PC3, DU145) |
[18] |
Pancreatic cancer | Primary human pancreatic tumour tissues, T3M4, SU.86.86, PANC-1, MiaPaCa-2, Colo357, Capan-1, BxPC-3, AsPC-1 |
TAS2R10 TAS2R10 |
Caffeine (verified with BxPC-3 and PANC-1) |
[20] |
Pancreatic cancer | Tumour infiltrating leukocytes; pancreatic tumour tissues vs. non-cancerous pancreatic tissues; SU.86.86, T3M4, MiaPaCa-2, and RLT |
TAS2R38 | PTC, N-acetyl-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone (AHL-12) (verified with SU.86.86 and RLT) |
[26] |
Neuroblastoma | SK-N-BE(2)C vs. SH-SY5Y |
TAS2R8 ↓ TAS2R10 ↓ |
Denatonium benzoate (verified with SK-N-BE(2)C) |
[22] |
Acute myeloid leukemia |
Primary acute myeloid leukemia cells, in silico gene expression profiling of samples from a database, OCI-AML3, THP-1 |
Analyses of 18 to 24 TAS2Rs out of 25 TAS2Rs & identification of all TAS2Rs but not in all approaches |
Denatonium benzoate, quinine (verified with primary acute myeloidleukemia cells, OCI-AML3, THP-1) |
[19] |
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma |
Cancerous vs. non-cancerous tissues; SCC4, SCC15, SCC47, SCC90, SCC152,OCTT2 and VU147T |
Analysis of all TAS2Rs,
highest gene expression of TAS2R4, 14, 19, 20, 30, 43, 45 in cancer cell lines, TAS2R4, 8, 10, 13, 14, 30, 42, 46 in SCC4, SCC47, TAS2R4, 8, 10, 30, 39 in SCC47, SCC90, SCC152 |
Denatonium benzoate, quinine, thujone, diphenidol, flufenamic acid, parthenolide, N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12HSL) (verified in different settings with the used cancer cell lines) |
[21] |
↑: increased expression level; ↓: decreased expression level