Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with or without CHF.
| Variables | Total (n = 4887) | Incident CHF (n = 543) | Controls (n = 4344) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 63.6 ± 11.0 | 73.7 ± 7.8 | 62.4 ± 10.7 | < .001 |
| Sex, n (%) | .006 | |||
| Male | 2256 (46.2) | 281 (51.7) | 1975 (45.5) | ― |
| Female | 2631 (53.8) | 262 (48.3) | 2369 (54.5) | ― |
| Race, n (%) | < .001 | |||
| White | 4257 (87.1) | 470 (86.5) | 3787 (87.2) | ― |
| Black | 321 (6.6) | 71 (13.1) | 250 (5.7) | ― |
| Other | 309 (6.3) | 2 (0.4) | 307 (7.1) | ― |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.3 ± 5.1 | 28.9 ± 5.0 | 28.2 ± 5.1 | .002 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | .015 | |||
| Current smoker | 476 (9.8) | 51 (9.4) | 425 (9.8) | ― |
| Former smoker | 2127 (43.6) | 267 (49.4) | 1860 (42.9) | ― |
| Never smoker | 2270 (46.6) | 223 (41.2) | 2047 (47.3) | ― |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | < .001 | |||
| At least 1 drink per day | 1978 (43.3) | 191 (35.7) | 1787 (44.3) | ― |
| None | 2591 (56.7) | 344 (64.3) | 2247 (55.7) | ― |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 338 (6.9) | 98 (18.0) | 240 (5.5) | < .001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1907 (39.0) | 369 (68.0) | 1538 (35.4) | < .001 |
| Sleep fragmentation | ||||
| SE, % | 83.0 ± 10.4 | 79.2 ± 12.1 | 83.4 ± 10.1 | < .001 |
| WASO, min | 61.7 ± 43.7 | 78.2 ± 53.0 | 59.6 ± 41.9 | < .001 |
| SFI, events/h | 8.9 ± 3.5 | 9.4 ± 4.2 | 8.9 ± 3.4 | .006 |
| Total ArI, events/h | 19.1 ± 10.4 | 20.5 ± 11.5 | 18.9 ± 10.3 | .003 |
| Sleep duration, n (%) | .008 | |||
| < 6 hours | 462 (9.5) | 62 (11.4) | 400 (9.2) | ― |
| 6–8 hours | 3197 (65.4) | 323 (59.5) | 2874 (66.2) | ― |
| > 8 hours | 1228 (25.1) | 158 (29.1) | 1070 (24.6) | ― |
| AHI, n (%) | < .001 | |||
| < 5.0 events/h | 2403 (49.2) | 203 (37.4) | 2200 (50.6) | ― |
| 5.0–14.9 events/h | 1481 (30.3) | 191 (35.2) | 1290 (29.7) | ― |
| 15.0–29.9 events/h | 657 (13.4) | 93 (17.1) | 564 (13.0) | ― |
| ≥ 30.0 events/h | 346 (7.1) | 56 (10.3) | 290 (6.7) | ― |
| Percentage of sleep time SaO2 < 90% | 3.4 ± 10.2 | 5.6 ± 13.6 | 3.2 ± 9.6 | <.001 |
| Follow-up time, y | 10.4 ± 3.3 | 5.8 ± 3.3 | 11.0 ± 2.8 | <.001 |
Results are presented as mean ± SD or n (%). P values represent the difference between 2 groups. AHI = apnea-hypopnea index, ArI = arousal index, CHF = congestive heart failure, SaO2 = oxygen saturation, SE = sleep efficiency, SFI = sleep fragmentation index, WASO = wake after sleep onset.