Table 1.

Expression of chemokines and their roles in the tumor microenvironment.

Chemokine	Receptor	Target Cell	Tumor Type	Function	Status	Ref
CCL1	CCR8	Treg	breast cancer	Immune suppression	Pro-tumor	[51]
CCL2	CCR2	MDSC TAM	pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, endometrial cancer	Immune suppression Angiogenesis	Pro-tumor	[52,53,54]
CCL5	CCR5	CD8+ T cell	thyroid cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma	Cytotoxic activity	Anti-tumor	[55,56]
		MDSC TAM	breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, glioma	Immune suppression	Pro-tumor	[57,58,59,60]
CCL17 CCL22	CCR4	Treg	gastric cancer, breast cancer, oral tongue squamous carcinoma	Immune suppression	Pro-tumor	[61,62,63]
CCL20	CCR6	Treg	colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	Immune suppression	Pro-tumor	[64,65,66,67]
CCL28	CCR10	Treg	ovarian cancer, liver cancer	Angiogenesis	Pro-tumor	[68,69]
CXCL8	CXCR2	TAN	colorectal cancer	Immune suppression	Pro-tumor	[70]
CXCL9 CXCL10 CXCL11	CXCR3	Th1 cell CD8+ T cell NK cell	colon cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer	Cytotoxic activity	Anti-tumor	[42,43,44,45]
CXCL12	CXCR4	TAM	lung cancer, glioma	Immune suppression	Pro-tumor	[52]
CX3CL1	CX3CR1	CD8+ T cell NK cell	colon cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer	Cytotoxic activity	Anti-tumor	[71,72,73]
		Macrophage	breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, melanoma	Angiogenesis	Pro-tumor	[74,75]
XCL1	XCR1	cDC1	melanoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	CD8+ T induction	Anti-tumor	[76,77,78]