Table 1.

Summary of major point and nonpoint production and manufacturing sources of PFAS released to the environment.

Industry/Source	PFAS Compound(s)	Uses	Reference
Textile, electrical, metal, laundry and cleaning industries	PFOA, PFOS, PFBA and other PFAS	Industrial, commercial and consumer products	[13,14]
Aqueous Film Forming Foams (AFFFs)	PFOA, PFOS, PFBA and other PFAS	Fire training facilities/airports, military bases	[15,16,17]
Landfill leachate/waste disposal	PFOA, PFOS, PFBA, PFHxS and other PFAS	Reservoir for products containing PFAS chemicals that undergo decomposition, disposal of waste during primary and secondary manufacturing process using PFAS	[15,18,19]
Printing/paper product production	PFOA, PFOS, PFBA and other PFAS	Surface coatings to repel grease and moisture	[13,20]
Wastewater treatment plants/biosolids, recycled water	PFOA, PFOS, PFBA and other PFAS	Application of treated wastewater especially in agricultural lands water from manufacturing, industrial and household wastewater which are sources of PFOA and PFOS	[15,17,21,22,23,24]
Commercial and industrial products	PFOA, PFOS, PFBA and other PFAS	Products that repel water and oil in the textiles, paper industries (paper and packaging, clothing, carpets, nonstick cookware, pharmaceutical and personal care products (cosmetics, toothpaste), agricultural products (pesticides, herbicides), industrial (wire coating and insulation, corrosion prevention, surfactant, fluoroplastics, fluoropolymers, rubber)	[14,16,25]