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AMPK and mTORC1 are components of conserved pathways that evolved via a yin-yang-like antagonistic mechanism controlling catabolism and anabolism [94]. The AMPK pathway prompts cell autophagy and regulates catabolic metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) under restricted nutrient and energy conditions. The mTOCR1 pathway preferentially activates anabolic metabolism and glycolysis, while suppressing cell apoptosis [58].
