Table 2.
Effects of the intervention on short-term memory, working memory and shifting skills.
| Measurement | Repeated Measures ANOVA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | Condition | Sex | Condition × Sex | Time × Condition | Time × Sex | Time × Condition × Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| F | df | p | η 2 | F | df | p | η 2 | F | df | p | η 2 | F | df | p | η 2 | F | df | p | η 2 | F | df | p | η 2 | F | df | p | η 2 | |
| Corsi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Forward | 0.99 | 1,52 | 0.325 | 0.019 | 0.64 | 1,52 | 0.428 | 0.012 | 2.17 | 1,52 | 0.147 | 0.040 | 0.04 | 1,52 | 0.840 | 0.001 | 1.05 | 1,52 | 0.232 | 0.027 | 0.33 | 1,52 | 0.570 | 0.006 | 0.29 | 1,52 | 0.593 | 0.006 |
| Backward | 9.87 | 1,52 | 0.003 * | 0.160 | 0.02 | 1,52 | 0.886 | 0.001 | 1.82 | 1,52 | 0.182 | 0.020 | 1.04 | 1,52 | 0.312 | 0.020 | 4.28 | 1,52 | 0.044 * | 0.076 | 0.46 | 0,52 | 0.500 | 0.009 | 7.63 | 1,52 | 0.008 * | 0.128 |
| Go/No-Go | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shark (omission) error | 2.74 | 1,49 | 0.104 | 0.053 | 1.08 | 1,49 | 0.305 | 0.021 | 0.21 | 1,49 | 0.648 | 0.005 | 0.05 | 1,49 | 0.824 | 0.001 | 4.75 | 1,49 | 0.034 * | 0.088 | 0.12 | 1,49 | 0.374 | 0.002 | 3.77 | 1,49 | 0.058 | 0.071 |
| Fish (commission) error | 3.16 | 1,50 | 0.081 | 0.059 | 0.000 | 1,50 | 0.998 | 0.001 | 0.24 | 1,50 | 0.629 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 1,50 | 0.969 | 0.001 | 0.42 | 1,50 | 0.519 | 0.008 | 0.05 | 1,50 | 0.834 | 0.001 | 2.19 | 1,50 | 0.145 | 0.042 |
| Fish rt | 0.77 | 1,48 | 0.384 | 0.016 | 0.64 | 1,48 | 0.429 | 0.013 | 1.67 | 1,48 | 0.203 | 0.34 | 0.14 | 1,48 | 0.714 | 0.003 | 0.20 | 1,48 | 0.661 | 0.004 * | 0.001 | 1,48 | 0.970 | 0.001 | 0.87 | 1,48 | 0.355 | 0.018 |
| Hearts and flowers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Errors | 9.21 | 1,49 | 0.004 * | 0.158 | 1.01 | 1,49 | 0.319 | 0.020 | 0.48 | 1,49 | 0.491 | 0.010 | 0.08 | 1,49 | 0.780 | 0.002 | 3.03 | 1,49 | 0.088 | 0.058 | 0.70 | 1,49 | 0.408 | 0.014 | 0.38 | 1,49 | 0.538 | 0.008 |
| Reaction times | 3.62 | 1,52 | 0.063 | 0.065 | 0.22 | 1,52 | 0.639 | 0.004 | 0.40 | 1,52 | 0.529 | 0.004 | 0.19 | 1,52 | 0.663 | 0.004 | 0.52 | 1,52 | 0.473 | 0.010 | 0.10 | 1,52 | 0.755 | 0.002 | 0.11 | 1,52 | 0.740 | 0.002 |
Note. Corsi forward = short-term memory; Corsi backward = working memory; Go/No-Go Shark error = inhibition; go/no-go fish error = sustained attention; Go/No-Go rt. = sustained attention; hearts and flowers errors = cognitive flexibility; hearts and flowers reaction times = sustained attention; *: p < 0.05.