Table 2.

Characteristics of the included studies.

Code	Publish Time	Country	intervention Programs	Exercise Intervention Type	Participant Type	Age	Gender	Test Group Size	Control Group Size	PEDro Score	Literature Quality
Guo et al. (2020) [29]	2020	China	Exercise includes weight-bearing exercise, balance training and muscle training. Weight-bearing exercises are carried out 3 times a day, 20 min each time. Balance exercise can improve balance ability, which is carried out 3 times a day, 20 min each time.	Integrated training (weight training, balance training, and muscle training)	Older adults with osteoporosis	62–80	Mixed	35	35	5	Medium
Lipardo et al. (2020) [30]	2020	Philippines	12 consecutive weeks, 3 sessions per week, 60 to 90 min of physical training	Physical training	Older adults in the community with mild cognitive impairment	60–83	Mixed	23	23	5	Medium
Roller et al. (2017) [31]	2018	United States	Subjects in the Pilates group attended 8 × 10³sessions of a 45-min Pilates exercise program using a Reformer once a week over a 10-week period	Pilates	Older adults over 65 years old with a history of falls in the past year	65–95	Mixed	27	28	7	High
Sousa et al. (2016a) [32]	2016	Portugal	The aerobic exercise group trained twice per week in a land environment (Mondays and Wednesdays) and once per week in an aquatic environment (Fridays). All aerobic training sessions consisted of: (i) a 10-min warm-up period, which included walking and flexibility exercises; (ii)a 30-min cardiorespiratory period, including walking and/or brisk walking; (iii) a 10-min muscular endurance, which included three exercises (three sets of 15–20 repetitions) using only bodyweight and gravity for strengthening the lower and upper limbs in a land environment, and water resistance in an aquatic environment; and (iv) a 5-min cool-down period, which included breathing and stretching exercises.	Aerobic exercise	Older men in the community	65–74	Male	22	22	6	Medium
Sousa et al. (2016b) [32]	2016	Portugal	the aerobic training session on Mondays were replaced by a resistance exercise session. The intensity of the resistance training sessions was defined by the pyramidal method set to 65% of 1-RM in the first eight weeks; 75% of 1-RM for Weeks 8–24; 70% of 1-RM for Weeks 24–28; and 65% of 1-RM for Weeks 28–32 (three sets of 10–12 repetitions in all sessions). Each session always began with a 10-min warm-up and ended with a cool-down period. The main part of the sessions consisted of a circuit of seven exercises: bench press, leg press, lateral pull-down, leg extension, military press, leg curl and arm curl, in this order, and carried out with conventional variable resistance devices (PANATTA, Fitline 2000 series, Italy). The 1-RM values were taken at the first workout of Week 1, Week 8, Week 16 and Week 24, and at the last workout of Week 32, allowing periodic adjustment of the resistance training intensity for the combined exercise group.	Integrated training (weight training, balance training, and muscle training)	Older men in the community	65–74	Male	22	22	6	Medium
Sungkarat et al. (2016) [33]	2017	Thailand	Participants in the Tai Chi group attended Tai Chi classes led by a certified Tai Chi instructor for 3 weeks (9 sessions) to learn Tai Chi principles and the 10-form Tai Chi. The Tai Chi classes were held with six or seven persons per class in the exercise room at the Department of Physical Therapy. Participants then practiced Tai Chi at home three times per week for 12 weeks.	Tai chi	Older adults with mild cognitive impairment	61–75	Mixed	33	33	6	Medium
Wang et al. (2020) [34]	2020	China	Exercise 5 times a week, time is 7:00–8:30 in the morning, each exercise time is 90 min, including 15 min of warm-up activities, 60 min of formal exercises, and 15 min of relaxation.	Diabolo training	Older adults in rural area	60–72	Female	14	13	5	Medium
Wu et al. (2017) [35]	2017	China	Baduanjin exercises are performed 2 times a day, 3 times each time, and the treatment cycle is 30 days. The patient chooses appropriate actions for practice under the guidance of doctors according to their own conditions and individual differences	Ba Duan Jin	Older adults in the community	65–80	Mixed	60	60	6	Medium
Zhang et al. (2016) [36]	2016	China	Training time is 45 min, training 5 days per week, and the intervention time is 8 weeks	Balance training	Older adults in the community	63–78	Mixed	60	60	6	Medium
Zhuang et al. (2014) [37]	2014	China	The intervention group received 60 min exercise classes three times per week for 12 weeks in the community center. The intensity of the exercise was increased gradually over time to help participants achieve success. Each class started with a 5-min warm-up, followed by 15 min of balance exercises, 15 min of muscle-strength training, 15 min of 8-form Yang style Tai Chi Chuan, and ending with 10 min of flexibility/stretching and cool-down.	Integrated training (muscle training, balance raining, and Tai Chi)	Older adults in the community	60–80	Mixed	28	28	6	Medium