Table 3.

Characteristics of interventions and outcome indicators in the included studies.

Code	Main Indicator	Outcome Indicator	Intervention Duration	Intervention Frequency	Result
Guo et al. (2020) [29]	Comparison of disease efficacy, disease awareness, fall prevention awareness, psychological anxiety level, body immunity status, bone density before and after care, and incidence of falls between the two groups of older adults with osteoporosis.	Fall prevention awareness score	1 year	Daily	Medication and exercise interventions have a better preventive effect on older adults.
Lipardo et al. (2020) [30]	Assessment of fall incidence, overall fall risk, dynamic balance, walking speed, and lower-extremity strength.	PPA (Physiological Profile Assessment) test	12 weeks	3 times a week	No significant differences in fall rates and fall risk were found between the groups after the intervention. Physical training and cognitive training and the combination of them can improve dynamic balance. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to determine if the interventions are effective.
Roller et al. (2017) [31]	SOT score of the NeuroCom® system, Timed Up and Go (TUG), and Activity Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale.	SOT score	10 weeks	Once a week	Pilates modified exercises once a week for 10 weeks can reduce the fall risk in adults aged 65 and older who are at risk of falls. This exercise significantly improved static and dynamic balance, functional mobility, balance self-efficacy, and lower-extremity AROM. In contrast, the control group showed no significant improvement in any of the indicators. Pilates modified exercises were more effective than no exercise intervention in improving AROM in the hip and ankle joints.
Sousa et al. (2016a) [32]	Timed up test, functional reach (FR) test, CS-30 test, and 6-min walk test.	CS-30 test	32 weeks	3 times a week	The addition of resistance exercise to aerobic exercise may improve factors associated with increased fall risk. Both combined exercise and aerobic exercise are more effective than no exercise in reducing the fall risk.
Sousa et al. (2016b) [32]	Timed up test, FR test, CS-30 test, and 6-min walk test.	CS-30 test	32 weeks	3 times a week	The addition of resistance exercise to aerobic exercise may improve factors associated with increased fall risk. Both combined exercise and aerobic exercise are more effective than no exercise in reducing the fall risk.
Sungkarat et al. (2016) [33]	Fall risk index with physiological profile assessment (PPA).	PPA test	12 weeks	3 times a week	In older adults with multi-domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment, the combination of core training and Tai Chi three times a week for 15 weeks significantly improved cognitive function and modestly reduced the fall risk. In particular, Tai Chi may have quite great effects on reducing the fall risk.
Wang et al. (2020) [34]	Static and dynamic balance ability test (Good Balance balance tester), CS-30 test, Tetrax fall risk test.	Tetrax fall risk index	14 weeks	5 times a week	The 14-week diabolo exercise strengthened the lower-extremity muscles of older adults, reducing the possibility of the fall risk and improving balance. Eight weeks of physical education and health lectures motivated older adults to take action, increasing their exercise frequencies.
Wu et al. (2017) [35]	MFS, Berg balance scale score, “get-up-and-walk” timing test, self-rating anxiety scale, Riker SAS score, and the SF-36 health survey.	MFS	30 days	Daily	Ba Duan Jin could effectively reduce the fall risk among older adults in the community to a certain extent.
Zhang et al. (2016) [36]	Fall risk score	Fall risk score	8 weeks	Daily	Balance training could reduce the fall risk in older adults.
Zhuang et al. (2014) [37]	CS-30 test, TUG test, FR test, and star offset balance test (SEBT).	CS-30 test	12 weeks	3 times a week	This study provided an effective, evidence-based fall prevention program that can be implemented to improve the physical health of older adults in the community and reduce the fall risk. In the assessment of fall risk in older adults, the SEBT might be a sensitive measure of physical performance.