Figure 3.

Schematic Outline of a Putative Evolutionary Path for the Focal Point of DDR/FA Signaling across Different Species. In bacteria, the homolog of FANCD2 may act as a sensor, transducer, and/or effector in response to genotoxic stresses. However, it receives a helper of FANCI and a regulator of FANCL in silkworm upon coupling with a variety of insults. FANCL, here, may act relatively more as a sensor. In vertebrate, FANCD2 and FANCI appear to be totally centered, which work in concert with many others to form a very complicated cellular defense signaling network.