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. 2021 Dec 2;22(23):13050. doi: 10.3390/ijms222313050

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Photographs for the hemolysis test (a) and hemolytic percentages (b) reveal the hemocompatibility of PVA/marjoram and PVA/marjoram/kaolin composite sponges. (c) Thrombogenicity assessment for PVA/marjoram and PVA/marjoram/kaolin composite sponges demonstrate their capability to clot the blood through the formation of thrombus mass. (d) Cytotoxicity of PVA/marjoram and PVA/marjoram/kaolin composite sponges toward fibroblast cells show the safe behavior of the developed sponges. Results are presented as means ± SD (n = 6) (*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, and (ns) points to a non-significant difference).