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. 2021 Nov 30;22(23):12989. doi: 10.3390/ijms222312989

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Exercise affects the metabolism of muscle cells. Exercise impacts glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, enhances the release of creatine kinase (CK), and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) as well as increases ATP turnover. Physical activity also induces changes in DNA methylation patterns and influences the expression of many genes in muscle tissue.