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. 2021 Nov 25;12:723173. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723173

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effect of L. casei ATCC 393, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), VIP receptor antagonist (aVIP), and the interaction between VIP and aVIP, L. casei ATCC 393 and VIP on the activation of porcine mucosal mast cells (PMMCs). The cells were treated with the supernatants of 1×108 CFU/mL L. casei ATCC 393 culture medium for 12h. The cells were treated with 0.1μM VIP and aVIP in the same way. (A) The effect of L. casei ATCC 393, VIP, aVIP on the activity of β-hexosaminidase, tryptase and the concentration of histamine in cell culture medium. (B) The effect of VIP and (or) aVIP on the activity of β-hexosaminidase, tryptase and the concentration of histamine in the cell culture medium. (C) The effect of L. casei ATCC 393 and (or) VIP on the activity of β-hexosaminidase, tryptase and the concentration of histamine in the cell culture medium. All data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. (n=6). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. VIP means the PMMCs were exposed to VIP. L means the PMMCs were exposed to L. casei ATCC 393. aVIP means the PMMCs were exposed to aVIP. aVIP-VIP means the PMMCs were exposed to VIP and aVIP. L-VIP means the PMMCs were exposed to L. casei ATCC 393 and VIP.