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. 2021 Nov 25;12:723173. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723173

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Copyright © 2021 Song, Pi, Gao, Zhou, Yan, Chen, Qiao, Dou, Shao and Xu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of L. casei ATCC 393 and VIP receptor antagonist (aVIP) on microbial community in cecum of mice challenged by ETEC K88. (A) α-diversity analysis. (B) PCA plot of microbial community composition showed the compositional variance. (C) Differences in composition of microbial communities at phylum level. (D) Differences in composition of microbial communities at genus level. (E) LEfSe analysis of microbiota. All data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. (n=4). ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01. aVIP means the mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with aVIP. L means the mice orally received L. casei ATCC 393. ETEC K88 means the mice orally received ETEC K88.