Figure 1.

IH-induced upregulation of SeP and HIP/PAP via downregulation of miR-203. IH stress upregulates the levels of SeP in human hepatocytes to accelerate insulin resistance and upregulates the levels of HIP/PAP mRNAs to cause such hepatocytes to proliferate, via the miR-203 mediated mechanism. [5]. In SAS patients, it is suggested that the upregulation of SeP plays a role in worsening insulin resistance. In addition, overexpression of HIP/PAP could cause such hepatocytes to proliferate in SAS patients, leading to decreased insulin sensitivity. Red up and down arrows mean increment and decrease, respectively.