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αGP, MAL/ASP, and MAL/OAA shuttles. MIM, mitochondrial inner membrane. Mitochondrial translocators: Pi, phosphate carrier; DIC, dicarboxylate translocator; OXODIC, oxodicarboxylate translocator; GLU/ASP, glutamate/aspartate translocator. Enzymes: 1, mitochondrial GPDH; 2 and 3, cytosolic and mitochondrial MDH respectively; 4 and 5, cytosolic and mitochondrial AAT respectively. From Atlante et al. [32] and Passarella et al. [12]. See text for details.
