Figure 1.

The β-cell as a black box. Main functions (metabolic response, signal transduction and granule mobilization) of the β-cell that link glucose stimulation (input) to insulin secretion (output) are reported as ‘black boxes’ in the image on the left. In detail, on the right, are the most important molecular players that exert these functions. Labelled in green are three microscopy optical tools compatible with living matter and capable of monitoring these functions in real time. ISG, insulin secretory granule.