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. 2021 Nov 23;22(23):12641. doi: 10.3390/ijms222312641

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Scheme of aging- and senescence-related changes in metabolic pathways in epidermal and dermal cells. AA, amino acid; ACC1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ACLY, ATP citrate lyase; AGPAT9, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3; ALDOA, aldolase A; AMPK, 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase; BCKDHA, branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase; α-CEHC, α-carboxyethyl hydroxychroman; CS, citrate synthase; DDR, DNA damage response; DHE, dehydroepiandrosterone; DIC, dicarboxylate carrier; EPA, eicosapentaenoate; ETC, electron transport chain; FA, fatty acid; FBP1, fructose bisphosphatase 1; GLS, glutaminase; GK, glucokinase; HK2, hexokinase 2; 7-Hoca, 7-alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate; LPA, lysophosphatidic acid; ME, malic enzyme; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; ODC, ornithine decarboxylase 1; OIS, oncogene-induced senescence; PA, phosphatidic acid; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; PDP2, pyruvate dehyrogenase phosphatase 2; PFK, phosphofructokinase; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; pRb, retinoblastoma protein; PTGS2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; stGPI, 1-stearoylglycerophosphoinositol; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle.