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. 2021 Nov 23;22(23):12641. doi: 10.3390/ijms222312641

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Scheme of the cellular and signaling crosstalk related to age- and senescence-related pigmentation changes in the skin. ET-1, endothelin; ETBR, endothelin–endothelin receptor B; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; KGF, keratinocyte growth factor; KIT, transmembrane protein with tyrosine kinase activity; MC1R, melanocortin 1 receptor; MITF, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor; a-MSH, alpha melanocyte stimulating factor; POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin; SCF, stem cell factor; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1.