Figure 8.

Schematic representation of polyphenols targeting different components/processes of cellular senescence in the skin. AP-1, activator protein 1; BPLE, brown pine leaf extract; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; γ-H2AX, H2AX variant histone; IL-6 and 8, interleukin 6 and 8; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMPs, matrix metalloproteases; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; SA-β-Gal, senescence associated-beta-galactosidase; PGE2, prostaglandin 2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TCA, trans-communic acid.