Table 1.
Clinical trials targeting systemic inflammation—HF-related results.
| Author | Study | Drug | Treatment Duration | No. of Patients | NYHA Class LVEF |
Endpoint(s) | Outcome Reached? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNF-α blockade | |||||||
| Mann et al. [59] | RENEWAL: RECOVER RENAISSANCE |
Etanercept | 24 weeks | 1500 1123 925 |
II-IV ≤30% |
Reduction in the risk of the composite end point of all-cause mortality or HHF. Improvement in clinical status | No |
| Chung et al. [60] | ATTACH | Infliximab | 14 weeks | 150 | III-IV ≤35% |
Improvement in clinical status | No |
| Champs et al. [93] | Meta-analysis of RCTs in PsA or psoriasis | Adalimumab | 12–24 weeks | 1250 | Not specified | Increased risk of MACE or CHF in patients with PsA or psoriasis treated with adalimumab | No |
| Champs et al. [93] | Meta-analysis of RCTs in PsA or psoriasis | Etanercept | 12–24 weeks | 1398 | Not specified | Increased risk of MACE or CHF in patients with PsA or psoriasis treated with etanercept | No |
| Champs et al. [93] | Meta-analysis of RCTs in PsA or psoriasis | Infliximab | 10–30 weeks | 696 | Not specified | Increased risk of MACE or CHF in patients with PsA or psoriasis treated with infliximab | No |
| IL-1β blockade | |||||||
| Ridker et al. [68] | CANTOS | Canakinumab | Median of 3.7 years | 10,061 | Not specified | Reduction in the risk of the composite end point of CV death, stroke, or MI | Yes |
| Everett et al. [69] | CANTOS Subanalysis—HHF |
Canakinumab | Median of 3.7 years | 10,061 | Not specified | Reduction in the risk of the composite end point of HHF or HF related mortality | Yes |
| Svensson et al. [71] | CANTOS subanalysis—CHIP due to TET2 |
Canakinumab | Median of 3.7 years | 3925 | Not specified | Increased risk of MACE in the TET2 mutation subgroup | Yes |
| Buckley et al. [70] | Post-hoc study of 2 CTs | Anakinra | 2 weeks | 80 | II-III <40% |
Increased LV systolic performance | Yes |
| IL-6 blockade | |||||||
| Yokoe et al. [79] | Effects of TCZ on NT pro-BNP in RA | Tocilizumab | 24 weeks | 70 | No CVD | Decrease in NT pro-BNP levels | Yes |
| Kleveland et al. [80] | Effects of TCZ on inflammation in NSTEMI | Tocilizumab | Single dose | 117 | Not specified >50% |
Reduction in hs-CRP and hs-TnT release in NSTEMI | Yes |
| IL-17 blockade | |||||||
| Champs et al. [93] | Meta-analysis of RCTs in PsA or psoriasis | Brodalumab | 12 weeks | 834 | Not specified | Increased risk of MACE or CHF in patients with PsA or psoriasis treated with brodalumab | No |
| Champs et al. [93] | Meta-analysis of RCTs in PsA or psoriasis | Ixekizumab | 12–24 weeks | 776 | Not specified | Increased risk of MACE or CHF in patients with PsA or psoriasis treated with ixekizumab | No |
| Champs et al. [93] | Meta-analysis of RCTs in PsA or psoriasis | Secukinumab | 12–36 weeks | 1343 | Not specified | Increased risk of MACE or CHF in patients with PsA or psoriasis treated with secukinumab | No |
HF, heart failure; NYHA, New York Heart Association; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; HHF, hospitalization for heart failure; RCTs, randomized control trials; PsA, psoriatic arthritis; MACE, major adverse cardiac events; CHF, congestive heart failure; CV, cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction; CHIP, clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential; CTs, clinical trials; LV, left ventricular; TCZ, tocilizumab; NT pro-BNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; CVD, cardiovascular disease; NSTEMI, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; hs-TnT, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T.