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. 2021 Nov 30;22(23):12970. doi: 10.3390/ijms222312970

Table 5.

Impact of abiotic stresses on grain yield of cereals and legumes.

Stress Growth Stage Crop Details of Abiotic Stress Decrease in Yield (%) Reference
High temperature After heading Wheat >31 °C 16–25 [157]
Delayed sowing in the field
Minimum temp. 15–21 °C
Maximum temp.−31–36 °C		 22 [158]
Heading Rice Diurnal temp 24–32 °C (control) 26–39 °C (high temp.) 21–55 [159]
Tasseling stage Maize 28/20 °C (control) 38/30 °C (high temp.) for 15 days 7–17 [36]
Emergence to maturity Sorghum 32/22 °C to 36/26 °C
32/22 °C to 40/30 °C		 10
99		 [160]
Booting to start of seed filling Pearl millet 28/18 °C to 36/26 °C
28/18 °C to 40/30 °C		 50
98		 [79]
Emergence to Maturity Finger Millet 32/22 °C to 36/22 °C
32/22 °C to 38/28 °C		 75
84		 [73]
Emergency to Maturity Chickpea <32 °C/20 °C (control, normal sown)
>32 °C/20 °C (high temp, late sown)		 19−56 [81]
Reproductive stage Lentil 38/23 °C 85–88 [161]
Reproductive stage Mung bean >40/25 °C 35–40 [83]
Emergence to Maturity Kidney Bean >28/18 °C to 40/30 °C 6.5% per 1 °C [84]
Flowering Peanut 36−44/26−34 °C 14−90 [89]
Salinity Vegetative Mung bean 50 mM and 75 mM NaCl 41−75 [142]
Throughout crop duration Wheat 0−200 mM NaCl 25−70 [162]
Throughout crop duration Faba bean 0.7, 3.0, and 5.0 dS m−1 27−47 [163]
Throughout crop duration Chickpea 0.7, 3.0, and 5.0 dS m 40−56 [163]
Rice 3.8 to 6.4 dS m−1 ~50 [164]
Seedling and reproductive Rice 4 dS/m2 28.8 [165]
Waterlogging Vegetative or reproductive Wheat Early or late waterlogging for 14 days 14−29 [166]
Vegetative or reproductive Barley Early or late waterlogging for 14 days 15−21 [166]
Vegetative Oats 0−35 days 79−83 [167]
Vegetative/heading Wheat Flooding 30.4−39.4 [168]
Vegetative or reproductive Field pea Early or late waterlogging for 14 days 94 [166]
Seedling (V3), jointing (V6), and tasseling (VT) stages Maize Waterlogging (3, 6, and 9 days) and subsurface waterlogging (5, 10, and 15 days) 61.5−80.5 [169]