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Effects of overexpressing GmNTLs on Arabidopsis primary root elongation in response to Al toxicity. Uniform seedlings of wild-type (WT) and transgenic seedlings (OX) with root lengths of 1 cm were treated with or without 5 µM Al for 48 h. Each bar represents the mean of four biological replicates with standard error. Asterisks indicate significant differences between WT and OX (*: 0.01 < p < 0.05; **: 0.001 < p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001). Bar = 0.5 cm.
