Table 1.

Neuronal and non-neuronal cells reported to produce and release acetylcholine.

Sources of Acetylcholine		Refs.
Neurons
Autonomic nervous system	Preganglionic sympathetic/parasympathetic neurons	[23]
Peripheral nervous system	Terminal ends of axons at neuromuscular junctions	[23]
Central nervous system	Primarily interneurons	[23,24]
Non-Neuronal Cells
Immunocytes	CD4 + T cells; B cells; NK cells	[25,26,27]
Placental trophoblast		[28]
Keratinocytes		[29]
Cardiomyocytes		[30]
Airway epithelial cells		[31]
Vascular endothelial cells		[32]
Urothelial cells		[33,34]
Cancer cells	Colon, stomach, lung, and others	[12,35,36]