| AC | adenylyl cyclase |
| ACC1 | acetyl-CoA carboxylase A1 |
| AIP | aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein |
| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| AMP | adenosine monophosphate |
| ATM | ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| CREB | cyclic AMP response element binding protein |
| CRTC2 | CREB regulated transcription factor 2 |
| ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinases |
| ETC | electron transport chain |
| ERRα | estrogen receptor relatedα |
| FBP1 | fructose bisphosphatase-1 |
| FOXO1 | forkhead box O1 |
| FOXO3 | forkhead box O3 |
| fructose 1,6-P2 | fructose 1,6 bisphosphate |
| fructose 2,6-P2 | fructose 2,6 bisphosphate |
| GLP-1 | glucagon-like peptide-1 |
| GDF15 | growth differentiation factor-15 |
| GHRH | growth hormone-releasing hormone |
| GSK-3 | glycogen synthase kinase 3 |
| HIF1α | hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit α |
| HNF4α | hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α |
| LDH | lactate dehydrogenase |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| MATE | multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins |
| MCT1 MCT4 | H+⁄ lactate monocarboxylate transporterH+⁄ lactate monocarboxylate transporter |
| MEK | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase |
| mGPDH | mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase |
| mTORC1 | mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 |
| NADH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
| NET | neuroendocrine tumor |
| NRF-1 | respiratory factor 1 |
| NRF-2 | nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor |
| OCT1 | organic cation transporter subtype 1 |
| PC | pyruvate carboxylase |
| PCOS | polycystic ovary syndrome |
| PDH | pyruvate dehydrogenase |
| PDHE1α | pyruvate dehydrogenase E1αprotein |
| PDK | pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase |
| PDP | pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase |
| PEP | 2-phosphoenolpyruvate |
| PEPCK | phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase |
| PFK1 | phosphofructokinase-1 |
| PFS | progression free survival |
| PI3K | phosphoinositide 3-kinase |
| PGC1-α | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha |
| PMAT | membrane monoamine transporter |
| PPARα/δ | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/δ |
| p70S6K | p70 S6 protein kinase |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| Shh | Sonic Hedgehog |
| STAT3 | signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
| SIRT | sirtuin |
| SREBP1 | sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 |
| TCA cycle | tricarboxylic acid cycle |
| TSC | tuberous sclerosis complex |
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