Table 1.
Baseline characteristics among study groups.
| Variables | Control | IC/BPS | Univariate OR (95% CI) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 4412 | 1103 | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 3596 (81.5%) | 899 (81.5%) | ||
| Male | 816 (18.5%) | 204 (18.5%) | ||
| Age (matched ± 1-year-old) | ||||
| <35 | 989 (22.4%) | 249 (22.57%) | ||
| 35–50 | 1355 (30.7%) | 334 (30.28%) | ||
| 50–65 | 1135 (25.7%) | 286 (25.93%) | ||
| >=65 | 933 (21.2%) | 234 (21.21%) | ||
| Residence area | ||||
| Taipei city (capital city) | 1754 (39.8%) | 553 (50.14%) | Reference | |
| North district | 577 (13.1%) | 133 (12.06%) | 0.74 (0.60 to 0.91) | 0.005 |
| Central district | 773 (17.5%) | 120 (10.88%) | 0.49 (0.40 to 0.61) | <0.001 |
| South district | 577 (13.1%) | 167 (15.14%) | 0.92 (0.75 to 1.12) | 0.397 |
| Kaohsiung city | 653 (14.8%) | 112 (10.15%) | 0.54 (0.43 to 0.67) | <0.001 |
| East district | 78 (1.8%) | 18 (1.63%) | 0.75 (0.45 to 1.27) | 0.284 |
| Urbanization | ||||
| Urban | 2688 (60.9%) | 721 (65.37%) | Reference | |
| Sub-urban | 1268 (28.7%) | 295 (26.75%) | 0.87 (0.75 to 1.01) | 0.063 |
| Rural | 456 (10.3%) | 87 (7.89%) | 0.71 (0.55 to 0.91) | 0.006 |
| Length of hospitalized stays, days | ||||
| 0 | 3668 (83.1%) | 815 (73.9%) | Reference | |
| 1–6 | 418 (9.5%) | 149 (13.5%) | 1.63 (1.33 to 2.00) | <0.001 |
| >=7 | 326 (7.4%) | 139 (12.6%) | 2.02 (1.62 to 2.53) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities (ever diagnosed within 2 years before index date) | ||||
| UTI | 747 (16.9%) | 771 (69.9%) | 12.38 (10.40 to 14.73) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 652 (14.8%) | 234 (21.2%) | 1.67 (1.40 to 2.01) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 506 (11.5%) | 157 (14.2%) | 1.33 (1.08 to 1.63) | 0.007 |
| Hypertension | 1006 (22.8%) | 298 (27.0%) | 1.39 (1.16 to 1.67) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 403 (9.1%) | 138 (12.5%) | 1.51 (1.21 to 1.89) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 217 (4.9%) | 75 (6.8%) | 1.49 (1.11 to 2.01) | 0.008 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 55 (1.3%) | 26 (2.4%) | 1.93 (1.20 to 3.10) | 0.007 |
| Chronic liver diseases | 430 (9.8%) | 193 (17.5%) | 2.00 (1.66 to 2.41) | <0.001 |
| Gout | 219 (5.0%) | 76 (6.9%) | 1.44 (1.09 to 1.89) | 0.010 |
| COPD | 395 (9.0%) | 185 (16.8%) | 2.21 (1.81 to 2.71) | <0.001 |
| Peptic ulcer | 619 (14.0%) | 364 (33.0%) | 3.11 (2.66 to 3.64) | <0.001 |
| IBS | 161 (3.7%) | 143 (13.0%) | 3.99 (3.13 to 5.07) | <0.001 |
| Autoimmune disease | 318 (7.2%) | 128 (11.6%) | 1.69 (1.36 to 2.11) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 622 (14.1%) | 355 (32.2%) | 2.93 (2.51 to 3.42) | <0.001 |
| Sleep disorders | 830 (18.8%) | 401 (36.4%) | 2.56 (2.21 to 2.98) | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 231 (5.2%) | 96 (8.7%) | 1.75 (1.36 to 2.25) | <0.001 |
| Allergic rhinitis | 555 (12.6%) | 228 (20.7%) | 1.81 (1.53 to 2.15) | <0.001 |
| Atopic dermatitis | 122 (2.8%) | 41 (3.7%) | 1.36 (0.95 to 1.96) | 0.094 |
IC/BPS, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome; UTI, urinary tract infection; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome.